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Conducto Law Office, 2nd Floor, Madrid Building, 88 M. L. Quezon Street, Antipolo (2026)

01/05/2026

𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰?

The country’s celebration of Labor Day originated from International Workers’ Day, where thousands of workers fought for the standard eight-hour work day as early as 1856, which, however, turned violent, eventually leading to the international recognition of workers’ rights.

The militant waves of the global labor movement reached Philippine shores. On May 1, 1903, the first massive labor protest was held, led by the Union Obrera Democratica Filipina, where over 100,000 workers and unionists marched from Tondo to Malacañang and demanded better working conditions, which led to the official recognition of Labor Day in 1908.

Today is not just about bravery, but an undying call of the Filipino workers for reforms towards better working environments and fair wages. We, Conducto Law Office, extend our heartfelt respect to all Filipino workers!

𝘔𝘢𝘣𝘶𝘩𝘢𝘺 𝘢𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘨𝘢 𝘔𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘨𝘢𝘨𝘢𝘸𝘢!

30/04/2026

𝘈𝘳𝘢𝘸 𝘯𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘰!

Behind every thriving business and public and private institutions are the individuals who dedicate their time, skills, and commitment to advancing our society. As we celebrate 𝐋𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐚𝐲, Conducto Law Office will be closed on 𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐲, 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔. We will resume our normal operating hours on May 4, 2026, from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.

Have a fruitful and meaningful rest, Kabayan!

29/04/2026

#𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝑻𝒐𝑲𝒏𝒐𝒘 #𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒐𝒇𝒕𝒉𝒆𝑾𝒆𝒆𝒌: 𝑫𝒐𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔

Under the 𝑫𝒐𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒖𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒂 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔. The Rules of the Senate and the Rules of the House of Representatives can change since a new Congress is not bound to adopt the rules of the previous Congress. The Senate and the House of every Congress can amend their own Rules of Procedure at any time.

The doctrine was applied most recently in the case of 𝑨𝒕𝒕𝒚. 𝑱𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒗. 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝑷𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 (𝗚.𝗥. 𝗡𝗼. 𝟮𝟳𝟳𝟲𝟯𝟬, 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟮𝟴, 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟲). Here, the Supreme Court denied the petition for being moot and academic due to the 𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘥𝘪𝘦 adjournment of the Third Regular Session of the 19th Congress on June 11, 2025. The legislative inquiry conducted by the committee, which gave rise to the issuance of the assailed contempt orders, has been effectively terminated by the adjournment of the 19th Congress. Thus, the contempt orders issued pursuant to the inherent contempt power of the committee have likewise ceased to have any force and effect. Accordingly, there is no longer any actual case or controversy for the Court to resolve, nor any practical relief that can be granted to Atty. Jarder.

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28/04/2026

#𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗧𝗼𝗞𝗻𝗼𝘄 #𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗹𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿: 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗿𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (𝗢𝗣𝗖) 𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗿𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗲 (𝗥.𝗔. 𝟭𝟭𝟮𝟯𝟮)

𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗿𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (𝗢𝗣𝗖), is a corporation with a single stockholder. Only a 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻, 𝘁𝗿𝘂𝘀𝘁, 𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝗻 𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗲 may form a One Person Corporation (Section 115).

Being one of the innovations of the Code, an OPC shall enjoy the same 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗲𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗺 as those other corporations. Thus, the company name must include “OPC” as a suffix.

Within fifteen (15) days from the issuance of its certificate of incorporation, an OPC shall appoint a treasurer, corporate secretary, and other officers as it may deem necessary, and notify the Securities and Exchange Commission thereof within five (5) days from appointment.

The single stockholder may not be appointed as the corporate secretary because the Code vested in the corporate secretary special functions, such as (a) being responsible for maintaining the minutes book and/or records of the corporation; (b) notify the nominee or alternate nominee of the death or incapacity of the single stockholder, which notice shall be given no later than five (5) days from such occurrence; (c) notify the Commission of the death of the single stockholder within five (5) days from such occurrence and stating in such notice the names, residence addresses, and contact details of all known legal heirs; and (d) call the nominee or alternate nominee and the known legal heir to meeting and advise the legal heirs with regard to, among others, the election of a new director, amendment of the articles of incorporation, and other ancillary and/or consequential matters.

The Code likewise imposes limited liability, under which a sole shareholder claiming limited liability has the burden of affirmatively showing that the corporation was adequately financed.
Where the single stockholder cannot prove that the property of the OPC is independent of the stockholder's personal property, the stockholder shall be jointly and severally liable for the debts and other liabilities of the OPC The principles of piercing the corporate veil applies with equal force to One Person Corporations as with other corporations.

Tax and Corporate matters are among Conducto Law Office’s areas of specialization. For more information, contact us today.

27/04/2026

#𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗧𝗼𝗞𝗻𝗼𝘄 #𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗹𝗨𝗽𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗦𝗖: 𝗢𝗻𝗹𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗼𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘀𝗽𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝘀𝗸 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗶𝗻𝘃𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗮 𝗯𝗶𝗴𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗲.

The Supreme Court has ruled in the recent case of 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗟𝗶𝗻𝗮 𝗤𝘂𝗶𝗿𝗶𝘁-𝗙𝗶𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗼 𝘃𝘀. 𝗘𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗻 𝗙𝗶𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗼, 𝗚.𝗥. 𝗡𝗼. 𝟮𝟱𝟵𝟱𝟮𝟬, 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟱, 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟰, that only the aggrieved or injured innocent spouse of either marriage may petition to declare the nullity of the subsequent marriage. Since Maria Lina is not the aggrieved or injured spouse in her prior marriage, she lacks the legal capacity to petition the declaration of nullity of her subsequent marriage.

Here, Maria Lina married Edwin in 2003 in Quezon City while still lawfully married to Ho Kar Wai, a Chinese National. It was only in 2007 that Ho Kar Wai obtained the divorce decree from the district court of Hong Kong, which the RTC Branch 260 later recognized as a divorce in the Philippines.

It is evident from the facts that Maria Lina cannot be deemed as an aggrieved or injured innocent spouse because she was guilty of contracting a bigamous marriage, leading to her lack of personality to petition the nullification of her subsequent marriage with Edwin. Hence, the SC denied her petition, not to refuse to declare her 𝗯𝗶𝗴𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗲 void, but rather to repudiate her legal personality to file the present petition.

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24/04/2026

𝐇𝐈𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆: 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐰𝐲𝐞𝐫

We are seeking a driven and detail-oriented Associate Lawyer to join our growing practice in Antipolo City. This role offers a well-rounded platform for developing courtroom advocacy, legal strategy, and transactional expertise through substantive exposure to both litigation and corporate work.

𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝘄𝗲 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗹𝗼𝗼𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗼𝗿:

• Duly admitted to the Philippine Bar and an IBP member in good standing.

• Proven ability to draft pleadings, contracts, legal opinions, and corporate documents with precision.

• Strong legal research and analytical skills.

• Excellent command of English, both written and oral.

• Highly organized, responsive, and able to manage multiple matters and deadlines.

• Willing to be based in Antipolo City.

• Prior experience in litigation or corporate practice is an advantage, but exceptional new Bar passers are highly encouraged to apply!

𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝘄𝗲 𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿:

• Hands-on exposure to court proceedings, hearings, and dispute resolution.

• Experience in corporate advisory, contract drafting, and regulatory compliance.

• Direct mentorship and close collaboration with senior lawyers.

• A dynamic, growth-oriented work environment.

• Competitive compensation commensurate with experience.

Interested candidates may send their CV and a sample of a legal pleading or document drafted by them to 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗼@𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗹𝗮𝘄.𝗰𝗼𝗺

24/04/2026

#𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐓𝐨𝐊𝐧𝐨𝐰 #𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐥𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐫: 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬, 𝐋𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐍𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐡 (𝐒𝐀𝐋𝐍)

The Statement of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth (SALN) is a mandatory disclosure for public officials and employees that lists their financial holdings, debts, business interests, and financial connections. It also requires the identification of relatives in the government service up to the fourth degree of consanguinity or affinity, as well as the naming of specific relatives who are in the government. The fundamental purpose of this disclosure is to 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗲 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗹 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲 and to serve as a deterrent against government officials who might attempt to enrich themselves through unlawful means.

While most government employees are required to submit this form under 𝗥𝗲𝗽𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗔𝗰𝘁 𝗡𝗼. 𝟲𝟳𝟭𝟯, there are 𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰 𝗲𝘅𝗲𝗺𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀. Individuals serving in an honorary capacity, who work without service credit or pay, are not required to file the SALN. Similarly, laborers and casual or temporary workers whose duties fall outside what is considered necessary for the usual operations of the employer's business are also exempted from the submission requirement.

The SALN must be filed using the updated 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟱 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗡 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺. Public servants are required to submit their statements within 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘆 𝗱𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝘀𝘀𝘂𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗲, 𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗱𝗮𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲, 𝗼𝗿 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘆 𝗱𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲, 𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗱𝗮𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗲. For existing employees, the annual filing must be done on or before April 30 of every year, with the information reflecting the status of their assets and liabilities as of December 31 of the preceding year.

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23/04/2026

#𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗧𝗼𝗞𝗻𝗼𝘄 #𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗹𝗨𝗽𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗲: 𝗖𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀-𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝘀𝘂𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝘁𝗮𝘅

The Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) recently issued 𝗥𝗠𝗖 𝗡𝗼. 𝟮𝟰-𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟲 to clarify the rules on taxing cross-border services like IT outsourcing and consulting. The agency explained that these services are not automatically subject to Philippine income tax simply because they cross national borders. This update provides much-needed relief to multinational firms that were concerned about potential new tax burdens on their business operations.

To decide if a service is taxable, the BIR will now 𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁 to determine if the economic benefit of the work actually happens within the Philippines. Instead of making automatic tax assessments, BIR examiners are 𝗿𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗲 𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 to see where the value of the service is truly generated. This method focuses on clear evidence rather than making assumptions about tax obligations.

Businesses are now responsible for showing that their income comes from sources outside the Philippines, which can be supported by 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝘀 and 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗼𝗳 𝗼𝗳 𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲. Since this circular took effect on 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟯𝟬, 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟲, it aims to make tax rules more consistent and easier for global companies to follow. This step is meant to give companies greater confidence in their tax planning and compliance efforts.

22/04/2026

#𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗧𝗼𝗞𝗻𝗼𝘄 #𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗼𝗳𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗪𝗲𝗲𝗸: 𝗡𝗨𝗜𝗦𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘

A "nuisance" is anything that 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝘀 𝗽𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗲'𝘀 𝗵𝗲𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗿 𝘀𝗮𝗳𝗲𝘁𝘆, 𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲𝘀, 𝗼𝗿 𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗺 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗳𝘂𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗼𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘆. It is generally described as an act or condition that makes living conditions unbearable for the neighborhood, going well beyond a minor bother.

In the recent case of 𝘾𝙤𝙪𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝘾𝙝𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙩 (𝘾𝙁𝘾) 𝙎𝙘𝙝𝙤𝙤𝙡 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙈𝙤𝙧𝙣𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙧 𝙫𝙨. 𝙈𝙖𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙙𝙖 (𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟲, 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟱), residents of a subdivision in Butuan City complained about the noise from a nearby school. They argued that the sounds from school activities were ruining their peace and quiet, and they wanted the school to be stopped, claiming it was an illegal nuisance.

The 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝗿𝘂𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗳𝗮𝘃𝗼𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗹, explaining that not every noisy or annoying activity is a legal nuisance. Since the school was a legitimate institution that took steps to control its noise levels, its presence did not violate the law. The Court reminded us that the 𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 𝗱𝗼𝗲𝘀 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗽𝘂𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗷𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗯𝗲𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗼𝘆𝗲𝗱; for something to be a nuisance, there must be proof of real, unreasonable harm, not just simple inconvenience.

21/04/2026

#𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗧𝗼𝗞𝗻𝗼𝘄 #𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗹𝗨𝗽𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗲: 𝗦𝗖 𝗔𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗿𝗺𝘀 𝗖𝘆𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗟𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗹 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆

In the recent case of 𝗖𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝘀. 𝗣𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗲, 𝗚.𝗥. 𝗡𝗼. 𝟮𝟱𝟴𝟱𝟮𝟰, 𝗔𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗹 𝟴, 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟲, the Supreme Court 𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗱 that the prescriptive period of cyber libel starts 𝘂𝗽𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 of the libelous post as expressly provided under 𝘙𝘶𝘭𝘦 91 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘙𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘗𝘦𝘯𝘢𝘭 𝘊𝘰𝘥𝘦. The High Court 𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗲𝗱 Causing’s argument that the prescription for cyber libel should start from the publication date because online posts are more widespread compared to traditional forms of publication, and the OSG’s contention of 15 years under the 𝘊𝘺𝘣𝘦𝘳𝘤𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘦 𝘗𝘳𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘈𝘤𝘵.

It ruled that cyber libel is not a separate crime, but rather libel committed through a computer system. The fact that the said 𝘈𝘤𝘵 imposes a higher penalty does not imply that its prescriptive period should be extended beyond that of traditional libel.

Moreover, it 𝗿𝗲𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 the idea that an online publication automatically implies the offended party is presumed to have seen the post. Unlike documents recorded in a public registry, social media posts are not always accessible because their visibility depends on privacy settings, internet access, and social media connections.

Hence, the Supreme Court affirmed its previous ruling that cyber libel prescribes one (1) year from the discovery.

Stay tuned for more legal updates!

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