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Conducto Law Office

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We welcome your inquiries and are ready to discuss how we can assist you.

We are a full-service law firm handling Litigation (Civil, Criminal, & Corporate), Notarization, Real Estate Transfer and Estate Tax, Family Law, Labor Law, Immigration, Business and Tax Consultancy, Data Privacy, and Regulatory Compliance For questions about our services, case evaluations, or to schedule a consultation, you can reach us at [email protected] or message us here on Facebook.

14/09/2026

#𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐓𝐨𝐊𝐧𝐨𝐰 #𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐥𝐔𝐩𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐞: 𝐒𝐂 𝐀𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐀𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞

In a Resolution dated 26 August 2026, the Supreme Court affirmed its earlier ruling in 𝘋𝘢𝘵𝘶 𝘗𝘢𝘹 𝘈𝘭𝘪 𝘚. 𝘔𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘶𝘥𝘢𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘶 𝘷. 𝘊𝘖𝘔𝘌𝘓𝘌𝘊, 𝘎.𝘙. 𝘕𝘰𝘴. 260219 & 260231, abandoning the second placer rule. The “second placer rule” is the practice of declaring the candidate who got the next highest number of votes the winner when the candidate who got the most votes is later disqualified or found ineligible.

The High Court reiterated that there is no legal basis for automatically declaring the second placer as the winner when the candidate who obtained the most votes is subsequently disqualified or found ineligible. The Court explained that if the candidate who was elected is later determined to be ineligible to assume or continue in office, the resulting vacancy is treated as a permanent vacancy. For local elective positions governed by the Local Government Code (LGC), the vacancy must therefore be filled pursuant to the statutory rules on succession, rather than by transferring the position to the defeated candidate who received the next highest number of votes. Thus, when the Governor cannot assume or continue in office, the Vice-Governor succeeds to the governorship for the unexpired portion of the term.

The Court likewise made clear that its ruling concerns local elective positions covered by the LGC. It did not resolve whether the so-called second placer rule applies to national elective positions, nor did it determine how succession operates in such cases, because those questions were not directly presented for the Court’s resolution.

Finally, the Court stated that the ruling extends to cases that remain pending. It emphasized that a candidate who finished second in an election does not acquire a vested right to assume the position simply because the winning candidate is later disqualified. The reason is straightforward: the second placer did not receive the electorate’s mandate and therefore cannot be treated as the people’s chosen candidate.

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13/09/2026

𝐘𝐎𝐔 𝐌𝐀𝐃𝐄 𝐈𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄.

The 𝐁𝐚𝐫 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦 tested more than what you know—it tested your courage, discipline, and resolve. Today, you can finally breathe. Rest. Celebrate. You earned this moment. Conducto Law Office proudly congratulates all the 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝐁𝐚𝐫 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫𝐬 for the grit and determination it took to get here.

As Bar Chairman Justice Gaerlan said, “𝘸𝘦 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘯𝘰 𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘱𝘳𝘢𝘺𝘦𝘳 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘯 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘵𝘰 𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘢𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘤𝘤𝘦𝘴𝘴 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘺𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘥 𝘧𝘰𝘳.”

𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬, 𝐟𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐀𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲𝐬! 𝐘𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐟𝐚𝐫. 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝐢𝐭 𝐬𝐨𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐚𝐫.

11/09/2026

#𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐓𝐨𝐊𝐧𝐨𝐰 #𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐥𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐫: 𝐒𝐂 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬, 𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐏 𝟐𝟐 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬

In the case of 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐨𝐬 𝐯. 𝐏𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞, 𝐆.𝐑. 𝐍𝐨. 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟎𝟒𝟕, (𝐀𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐥 𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔), the Supreme Court has ruled that a notice of dishonor for bouncing checks under Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 (Bouncing Checks Law) may now be validly served and proven digitally through electronic communications such as email and text messages or messaging apps.

Here, the Spouses Carlos purchased tires from Tire Star, Inc. on installment and issued six postdated checks totaling ₱609,972.58. When deposited, all six checks were dishonored because the bank account had already been closed. Tire Star’s messenger personally brought the notice of dishonor and demand letter to the spouses’ business establishment, but the spouses allegedly refused to receive it and instead instructed their employee to accept and sign for it. Despite the notice, they neither paid the checks nor arranged for their payment within five banking days.

The Supreme Court ruled that a mere denial of receipt cannot overcome affirmative evidence of service, particularly the messenger’s testimony and Affidavit of Proof of Service. The Court formally recognized and standardized service of the notice of dishonor through electronic messaging apps and email, provided certain safeguards are met: (1) Proper authentication and preservation of exported chat histories, screenshots, or read receipts; (2) A mandatory affidavit of service detailing the date, time, and manner of electronic transmission; and (3) the burden remains on the drawer to prove it was physically impossible to receive the message, rather than merely ignoring or denying the electronic notification.

For more legal updates, follow Conducto Law Office!

09/09/2026

#𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐓𝐨𝐊𝐧𝐨𝐰 #𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐎𝐟𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐖𝐞𝐞𝐤: 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐞

Under Article 26 (2) of the Family Code, where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner is validly celebrated and 𝗮 𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘃𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗱𝗹𝘆 𝗼𝗯𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱 by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse shall have capacity to remarry under Philippine law.

A Philippine court, however, must first recognize the foreign divorce decree upon filing of a proper petition before it becomes valid and binding. Once judicially recognized, this allows the Filipino spouse to remarry. Meanwhile, the Manalo doctrine (G.R. No. 221029, April 24, 2018) now allows the Filipino spouse to obtain the divorce abroad. In other words, the divorce may be recognized 𝘄𝗵𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝘀𝗽𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗼 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝗳𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝘁, so long as 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝘃𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗱 under the foreign spouse’s law.

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07/09/2026

𝐇𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐎𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬

The issuance by a court of a hold departure order (HDO) is a valid restriction on an accused's right to travel. This is in line with the court's inherent power to effectuate the exercise of its jurisdiction.

In the case of 𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐅𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐳 𝐀𝐛𝐚𝐝 𝐯𝐬. 𝐏𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬, 𝐞𝐭 𝐚𝐥., 𝐆.𝐑. 𝐍𝐨. 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟎. 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟑, 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔, it was explained that upon the filing of the application, the RTC judge shall personally examine under oath or affirmation, in the form of searching questions and answers in writing, the applicant and witnesses he or she may produce on facts personally known to them and attaching to the record their sworn statement. If the judge finds that probable cause exists, and there is high probability that the respondent will depart from the Philippines to evade arrest and prosecution of the crime against them, the Precautionary Hold Departure Order (PHDO) shall be issued and the Bureau of Immigration shall be directed to hold and prevent the departure of the respondent at any Philippine airport or port. Otherwise, the judge shall order the dismissal of the application.

Since the finding of probable cause by the judge for the purpose of issuance of PHDO is solely based on the complaint, it shall be without prejudice to the resolution of the prosecutor of the criminal complaint. If the prosecutor dismisses the complaint for lack of probable cause, the respondent may use the dismissal as a ground for the lifting of the PHDO. However, if the prosecutor finds probable cause and files the Information, the case with the RTC that issued the PHDO, on motion of the prosecutor, shall be consolidated with the RTC where the Information is filed.

What the Rule restricts, through the valid issuance of a PHDO, is the respondent's ability to leave the country and nothing else. It is limited to the ability of an individual, who is suspected of committing a crime punishable by an afflictive penalty and has a high propensity to leave the country and avoid the impending criminal proceedings against him or her, to travel abroad. At any rate, the Rule provides that a respondent who has been issued a PHDO against him or her is not without any remedy.

The respondent may file a motion to lift the PHDO if the grounds for the issuance have already ceased, i.e., the criminal complaints have been dismissed by the prosecutor or that the circumstances show that he or she is not a flight risk. Likewise, the RTC may temporarily allow the respondent to travel abroad notwithstanding that a PHDO has been issued if it is shown that the respondent's travel is based on meritorious grounds and that, as a measure of security, the respondent posted a bond.

Again, an individual's right to travel is not absolute. It can be circumscribed by constitutional, statutory and inherent limitations. In deciding whether an individual can leave the Philippines, "the [C]ourt must delicately balance, on the one hand, the right of the accused to the presumption of his innocence and the exercise of his fundamental rights, and on the other hand, the interest of the State to ensure that the accused will be ready to serve or suffer the penalty should he [or she] be eventually found liable for the crime charged."

With the issuance of the Rule on PHDO, the Court has provided for a mechanism by which the courts can properly balance these interests, albeit applicable to individuals suspected of committing an offense, under an orderly and nuanced procedure with transparent standards and practical remedies available to the parties concerned.

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06/09/2026

𝐖𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐀𝐥𝐥 𝐁𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝐁𝐚𝐫 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐬! ⚖️✨

The long hours of studying, and months of preparation have brought you all to this defining moment. To every single examinee stepping into the exam halls, may you be reminded that your hard work, earnest efforts, and discipline has built the foundation for this day.

Conducto Law is cheering you on and wishing you sharp minds and peace of mind throughout the bar week. Padayon, future Attorneys! Claim the dot!

02/09/2026

#𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐓𝐨𝐊𝐧𝐨𝐰 #𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐎𝐟𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐖𝐞𝐞𝐤: 𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔

Backwages refer to the total compensation, including allowances and regular benefits, that an illegally dismissed employee should have earned.

Under Article 294 of the Labor Code and in the case of 𝑳𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒛 𝑺𝒖𝒈𝒂𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒔. 𝑹𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒐 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒏, 𝑱𝒓., 𝒆𝒕 𝒂𝒍., 𝑮.𝑹. 𝑵𝒐. 260447, 𝑭𝒆𝒃𝒓𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒚 5, 2026, the employer shall not terminate the services of an employee except for a just cause or when authorized by this Title. An employee who is unjustly dismissed from work shall be entitled to reinstatement without loss of seniority rights and other privileges and to his full backwages, inclusive of allowances, and to his [or her} other benefits or their monetary equivalent computed from the time his [or her] compensation was withheld from him up to the time of his actual reinstatement.

Jurisprudence further holds that illegally dismissed employees are deemed to have not left their employment. Thus, they are entitled to all rights and privileges that accrue to them from the said employment.

01/09/2026

Recently, our Senior Partner 𝐀𝐭𝐭𝐲. 𝐑𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐧 𝐓. 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨 𝐈𝐈 as well as our Associate Lawyer, 𝐀𝐭𝐭𝐲. 𝐉𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐫, participated in the public consultation convened by the Quezon City Council, led by Majority Floor Leader Councilor Aly Medalla, to discuss the proposed Comprehensive Parking System Ordinance for Quezon City.

𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐚𝐰 served as a legal consultant, contributing legal insights to the proposed framework for a more orderly, systematic, and responsible management of parking in public spaces, roads, and streets across Quezon City.

Among the matters discussed were the establishment of standardized parking fees, with a proposed sharing arrangement between the City Government and the barangays, as well as measures to promote safer and wider sidewalks, improved pedestrian access, clear and fair parking regulations, and stronger protection against illegal parking.

The public hearing emphasized the important role of barangays, particularly those within identified growth areas, as partners in the effective implementation of the proposed ordinance.

Conducto Law is honored to contribute its legal expertise to initiatives that promote safer roads, better-organized public spaces, and more effective local governance in Quezon City.

31/08/2026

As we commemorate the bravery, courage, and sacrifices of all Filipino heroes this 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐃𝐚𝐲, 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐚𝐰 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐞 will be closed on Monday, August 31, 2026. Our normal operating hours will resume on September 1, 2026, Monday, from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.

For urgent legal matters during the holiday, email us, and we’ll attend to your concerns promptly upon our return. Thank you for your continued trust.

𝑀𝑎𝑏𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑔𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑖!

28/08/2026

𝐂𝐎𝐔𝐋𝐃 𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐑 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐀𝐍𝐘 𝐁𝐄 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑’𝐒 𝐍𝐄𝐗𝐓 𝐀𝐔𝐃𝐈𝐓 𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐓?

The BIR has introduced significant changes to its audit program under Revenue Memorandum Order No. 22-2026.

Join us for a practical two-hour webinar covering:

• How taxpayers are selected for audit
• Mandatory audit cases and priority risk indicators
• The scope and limits of an eLA, Tax Verification Notice, and Mission Order
• New procedures for representatives, audit venues, document submissions, and discrepancy meetings
• Revalida or “audit of auditors,” examiner accountability, and taxpayer safeguards
• Practical steps to prepare your business for a possible BIR examination

DATE: Thursday, September 10, 2026
TIME: 2:00 PM–4:00 PM
FORMAT: Live Online Webinar
REGISTRATION FEE: PHP 450 per participant

Resource Speaker:
Atty. Abrahm A. Apepe
CPA-Lawyer | Conducto Law Office

Participants will receive a BIR Audit Readiness Checklist for their internal compliance review.

Register here:
https://forms.cloud.microsoft/r/pkvFzWc8aY

Additional schedules may be opened depending on demand.

Limited slots are available. Register early to reserve your slot.

Address

2nd Floor, Madrid Building, 88 M. L. Quezon Street
Antipolo
1870

Opening Hours

Monday	9am - 4:30pm
Tuesday	9am - 4:30pm
Wednesday	9am - 4:30pm
Thursday	9am - 4:30pm
Friday	9am - 4:30pm

Website

https://conductolaw.com/

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