Bernabe Law

Bernabe Law A full-service law office, with focus on family law, criminal and civil litigation, estate planning, and corporate management.

We are a full-service law office in the City of Angeles, dedicated to provide our clients with efficient and practical solutions to their problems. We are committed to professional growth, in order to deliver the best possible legal representation to our clients, consistent with our tradition of excellence. It is our pleasure to know that our clients may conduct their respective businesses in peace, with full confidence that they are in good and reliable hands.

๐ƒ๐จ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฅ๐š๐ฐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ž ๐›๐ž๐ง๐ž๐Ÿ๐ข๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฅ๐จ ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ?โš–๏ธThe Expanded Solo Parents Welfare Act provides for the rights and privil...
29/07/2026

๐ƒ๐จ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฅ๐š๐ฐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ž ๐›๐ž๐ง๐ž๐Ÿ๐ข๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฅ๐จ ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ?โš–๏ธ

The Expanded Solo Parents Welfare Act provides for the rights and privileges of eligible solo parents in the country. It upholds the primary rights and duty of solo parents in raising their children by providing for their basic needs and extending to them assistance in social services and welfare benefits.

Who is considered a โ€œsolo parentโ€?
A solo parent is solely responsible for providing care and support to the child, without any cohabitation or shared parenting arrangements. The law also recognized a childโ€™s legal guardian, adoptive parent, or foster parent as a solo parent. Relatives within the fourth degree of consanguinity, such as grandparents, siblings, aunts/uncles, and cousins, who take parental responsibility. Individuals with a low-income overseas Filipino worker (OFW) spouse may also qualify as solo parents.

Reference:
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11861: EXPANDED SOLO PARENTS WELFARE ACT

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๐–๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐“๐š๐ฑ ๐„๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง?๐Ÿ“ƒโš–๏ธAccording to:Republic Act No 8424 (Section 254)Tax evasion happens when a person intentionally av...
21/07/2026

๐–๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐“๐š๐ฑ ๐„๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง?๐Ÿ“ƒโš–๏ธ

According to:
Republic Act No 8424 (Section 254)
Tax evasion happens when a person intentionally avoids paying any tax under the Tax Code of the Philippines. This can be done through various means, such as not reporting income, claiming false deductions, or hiding assets and income. Because tax evasion is a criminal offense, tax evaders are subject to serious penalties and criminal charges. In the Philippines, tax evasion is punishable by a penalty of up to โ‚ฑ10 million or imprisonment, depending on the offense.

Reference:
Republic Act No 8424 (Section 254)

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๐‚๐š๐ง ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฆ๐ž๐จ๐ง๐ž ๐›๐ž ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ž๐ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐š๐ง๐ข๐ฆ๐š๐ฅ ๐ง๐ž๐ ๐ฅ๐ž๐œ๐ญ?Pursuant to the Animal Welfare Act of 1998, as amended by Republic Act No. 10631,...
15/07/2026

๐‚๐š๐ง ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฆ๐ž๐จ๐ง๐ž ๐›๐ž ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ž๐ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐š๐ง๐ข๐ฆ๐š๐ฅ ๐ง๐ž๐ ๐ฅ๐ž๐œ๐ญ?

Pursuant to the Animal Welfare Act of 1998, as amended by Republic Act No. 10631, animal cruelty and neglect constitute penal offenses under Philippine law. The statute defines cruelty as any act or omission resulting in unwarranted suffering, injury, or distress to an animal. This explicitly encompasses the failure to furnish adequate sustenance, hydration, shelter, or veterinary care, which is legally construed as animal neglect. Consequently, any individual exercising ownership, custody, or control over an animal bears the statutory obligation to ensure its proper maintenance and general welfare.

References:
Animal Welfare Act of 1998 (RA 8485)
Republic Act No. 10631 (Amendment)

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๐‚๐š๐ง ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ ๐›๐ž ๐ก๐ž๐ฅ๐ ๐ฉ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฅ๐ข๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐›๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐๐ž๐›๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ง ๐ข๐Ÿ ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ง๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ฉ ๐ข๐ฌ๐ง'๐ญ ๐จ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐?๐Ÿ“ƒโš–๏ธYes. Under ...
08/07/2026

๐‚๐š๐ง ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ ๐›๐ž ๐ก๐ž๐ฅ๐ ๐ฉ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฅ๐ข๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐›๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐๐ž๐›๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ง ๐ข๐Ÿ ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ง๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ฉ ๐ข๐ฌ๐ง'๐ญ ๐จ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐?๐Ÿ“ƒโš–๏ธ

Yes. Under Philippine law, a partnership is established the moment two or more persons bind themselves to contribute money, property, or industry to a common fund, with the intention of dividing the profits among themselves.

The absence of formal registration does not exempt the involved parties from statutory obligations. Because a partnership is fundamentally a consensual contract, the mere act of operating a joint business enterprise is sufficient to establish a legal partnership, thereby creating binding legal obligations.

Reference:
Republic Act No. 386 (Civil Code of the Philippines)- The Law on Partnerships

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๐‚๐š๐ง ๐š ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ง๐ž๐ซ ๐จ๐ซ ๐ž๐ฑ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ง๐ž๐ซ ๐›๐ž ๐ก๐ž๐ฅ๐ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ข๐›๐ฅ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐ž๐ฆ๐จ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐œ๐ก๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐š๐›๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž ๐š๐ ๐š๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฐ๐จ๐ฆ๐š๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ข๐ซ ๐œ๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ซ๐ž...
01/07/2026

๐‚๐š๐ง ๐š ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ง๐ž๐ซ ๐จ๐ซ ๐ž๐ฑ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ง๐ž๐ซ ๐›๐ž ๐ก๐ž๐ฅ๐ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ข๐›๐ฅ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐ž๐ฆ๐จ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐œ๐ก๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐š๐›๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž ๐š๐ ๐š๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฐ๐จ๐ฆ๐š๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ข๐ซ ๐œ๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ซ๐ž๐ง?โš–๏ธ

Yes. She and their children may hold a partner or ex-partner accountable for emotional and psychological abuse. Physical hurt is not the sole form of abuse; sustained verbal attacks, humiliation, threats, controlling behavior and even online bullying can lead to mental or emotional pain and may already be sanctioned.

Such actions may be the basis for a woman to bring a case against her partner or ex-partner if they impact her or their child. The law affords protection to both legitimate and illegitimate children, and those directly witnessing the acts of abuse their protection is extended as well. These may take place within or outside the home, and in which case a legal proceeding may be initiated.

Victims can apply for restraining orders, lodge criminal complaints, and obtain any number of other measures necessary for their safety and security.

References:
Republic Act No. 9262 or the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act

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๐‚๐š๐ง ๐ฌ๐ก๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐ซ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐ง๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ฆ๐š๐ค๐ž ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ ๐ฅ๐ข๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐œ๐ฒ๐›๐ž๐ซ ๐ฅ๐ข๐›๐ž๐ฅ?๐Ÿ“ฑโš–๏ธYes. In the Philippines, an individual who sh...
17/06/2026

๐‚๐š๐ง ๐ฌ๐ก๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐ซ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐ง๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ฆ๐š๐ค๐ž ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ ๐ฅ๐ข๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐œ๐ฒ๐›๐ž๐ซ ๐ฅ๐ข๐›๐ž๐ฅ?๐Ÿ“ฑโš–๏ธ

Yes. In the Philippines, an individual who shares or reposts online defamatory material may be found as liable as the original author. Freedom of expression is constitutionally protected, but with regard to damaging someoneโ€™s reputation, protection may not be guaranteed.

Even if you were not the source of the actual material, being involved in the dissemination of it could be seen as โ€œaiding or abettingโ€ cyber libel. That is, responding to, commenting on, or participating in online forums that aggregate harassment or defamation.

Online activities have tangible effects. Those that are found responsible can be subjected to Civil and/or Criminal actions according to the law.

Reference:
Republic Act No. 10175 Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012

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๐ˆ๐Ÿ ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ค๐ž๐ ๐œ๐š๐ซ ๐ ๐จ๐ญ ๐ก๐ข๐ญ ๐›๐ฒ ๐š๐ง๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐ฆ๐จ๐ฏ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐œ๐š๐ซ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ข๐ญ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ข๐ซ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฆ๐š๐ค๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ ๐ฉ๐š๐ฒ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐ข๐ญ?๐Ÿš˜ Yes. Under Article 2176 of Rep...
11/06/2026

๐ˆ๐Ÿ ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ค๐ž๐ ๐œ๐š๐ซ ๐ ๐จ๐ญ ๐ก๐ข๐ญ ๐›๐ฒ ๐š๐ง๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐ฆ๐จ๐ฏ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐œ๐š๐ซ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ข๐ญ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ข๐ซ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฆ๐š๐ค๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ ๐ฉ๐š๐ฒ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐ข๐ญ?๐Ÿš˜

Yes. Under Article 2176 of Republic Act No. 386, also known as the Civil Code of the Philippines or โ€œQuasi-Delictโ€, negligence carries responsibility. Whoever causes harm through fault is obliged to repair it.

Accountability isnโ€™t optional. If you are the one who caused the damage, you are responsible for making it right.

Reference:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

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๐ˆ๐ฌ ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐ญ๐จ ๐š๐๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ ๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ ๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐จ๐ซ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ž๐ซ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ?In general, no. Medical consent is required before a...
01/06/2026

๐ˆ๐ฌ ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐ญ๐จ ๐š๐๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ ๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ ๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐จ๐ซ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ž๐ซ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ?

In general, no. Medical consent is required before any drug or treatment is given, except in emergency situations or when specifically allowed by law.

Illegal use, possession, or distribution of dangerous drugs is also prohibited under RA 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002).
In medicine and law, nothing enters the body without permission or lawful reason.

Reference:
Republic Act No. 9165

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๐ˆ๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐๐ž๐Ÿ๐š๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ก๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ž? ๐Ÿ“ฑโš–๏ธYes. Making false accusations or statements online that damage a ...
25/05/2026

๐ˆ๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐๐ž๐Ÿ๐š๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ก๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ž? ๐Ÿ“ฑโš–๏ธ

Yes. Making false accusations or statements online that damage a personโ€™s reputation may constitute Cyber Libel, which is punishable under Philippine law.

Freedom of speech does not protect malicious and defamatory statements made through social media, messaging platforms, or websites.

Reference:
Article 353, Revised Penal Code
RA 10175 โ€“ Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012

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๐ƒ๐จ ๐ˆ ๐ง๐ž๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐๐ž๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ข๐ง๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ฅ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ง ๐ข๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ฅ๐ž ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ฒ๐ž๐ญ ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐ง๐š๐ฆ๐ž? ๐Ÿกโš–๏ธYesโ€”you do.Under Article 777 of the C...
19/05/2026

๐ƒ๐จ ๐ˆ ๐ง๐ž๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐๐ž๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ข๐ง๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ฅ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ง ๐ข๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ฅ๐ž ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ฒ๐ž๐ญ ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐ง๐š๐ฆ๐ž? ๐Ÿกโš–๏ธ

Yesโ€”you do.

Under Article 777 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, ownership of inherited property is transferred at the moment of the decedentโ€™s deathโ€”not when the title is formally transferred.

This means that even if the land title is still under the name of the deceased, you already acquire rights over the property upon their passing, along with the corresponding legal and tax obligations.

You may need to declare the property for purposes such as:
Estate settlement and taxation; Real property tax compliance; or Future transfer of title to your name. Even without formal transfer, your legal rightsโ€”and responsibilitiesโ€”already exist.

๐Ÿ“Œ Reminder: Itโ€™s important to process the transfer of title and settle estate taxes to avoid penalties and legal complications.

Reference:
Article 777, Civil Code of the Philippines

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