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Back way libya-italy, Rome (2026)

08/12/2019

Italy’s government is set to introduce new measures to loosen restrictions on NGO ships disembarking migrants without a vetting procedure in the country.
Italy’s ports were formerly closed by the head of the League party and ex-Interior Minister, Matteo Salvini, a hardliner on immigration.Luciana Lamorgese, the new Interior Minister, has announced the loosening of restrictions to Salvini’s landmark security decree, which had introduced harsh penalties against NGO ships and those facilitating illegal immigration. The new modifications will include lowering sanctions for the ships carrying migrants in the Mediterranean as well as lowering penalties for obstructing an officer in the line of duty.
The latter measure was especially important given how Carola Rackete, the captain of an NGO ship, forced migrants to disembark in an Italian port last summer by colliding with an Italian navy ship. The move put the lives of Italian authorities onboard at risk.
However, Salvini was ousted this summer after attempting to call a snap election, and his party was replaced by the centre-left Democratic Party, which is more favourable to NGOs transporting migrants in the Mediterranean from Libya to Italy.
Yet Italy now has decided to loosen restrictions on those same NGO ships. The new Italian government offered the Norwegian-flagged Ocean Viking migrant rescue vessel run by Doctors Without Borders and SOS Mediterranee to dock in Lampedusa, with 82 migrants who were transported from the coast of Libya to enter Europe.

Italy’s new interior minister also added that a “humanitarian corridor” for migrants wanting to reach Europe was needed through the modification of the memorandum with Libya signed in 2017, which was intended to decrease migratory flows to Europe from the already war-torn country of Libya.

The open-border policy approach to the migrant and refugee crisis in 2015 brought enormous problems to Europe

The move however, would cause a resurgence in migrants wanting to reach Europe. The open-border policy approach to the migrant and refugee crisis in 2015 brought enormous problems to Europe, with the rise of security threats, issues with integrating the newly arrived population, and a feeling of neglect by the local population. What is often overlooked, furthermore, is how these policies have poorly affected migrants and their countries of origin themselves.

The open-border policy approach to the migrant and refugee crisis in 2015 brought enormous problems to Europe, with the rise of security threats, issues with integrating the newly arrived population, and a feeling of neglect by the local population.

By giving NGO ships that operate in the Mediterranean the freedom to disembark in Italian ports, migrants coming from Africa will once again be told that there is a safe way to reach Europe. The more migrants attempt the journey, the more will be led into the hands of human traffickers.

In turn, the migrants will be at increased risk of dying when they cross the Mediterranean. In other words, NGOs act as a pull-factor. This was also documented by the European coastal agency, Frontex, during the peak of the crisis, where it said:
“All parties involved in the Search and Rescue Operations unintentionally help criminals achieve their objectives at minimum cost, strengthen their business model by increasing the chances of success. Migrants and refugees, encouraged by stories of those who made it in the past – attempt the dangerous crossing since they are aware of and rely on humanitarian assistance to reach the EU.”

Even according to UN statistics from the International Organization of Migration (IOM), the number of deaths in the Mediterranean has gone from 5,143 since its peak in 2016 when Italy’s ports were open, to 1,235 in 2019 when Italy’s ports were closed.

the number of deaths in the Mediterranean has gone from 5,143 since its peak in 2016 when Italy’s ports were open, to 1,235 in 2019 when Italy’s ports were closed

That’s more than four times fewer deaths. In addition, the journeys migrants undergo are often expensive, and besides fueling the human trafficking business, they take money and human capital away from African countries, where the majority of migrants depart in hope for a better life. According to one story reported by the IOM, the family of a girl who was promised to reach Europe paid 35,000 euros to traffickers.

According to one story reported by the IOM, the family of a girl who was promised to reach Europe paid 35,000 euros to traffickers.

As Italy reopens its ports, these tragic stories risk repeating themselves once again as human traffickers will be given the green light to continue their operations where migrants are abused, extorted and defrauded into believing a future awaits them in Europe.
At the same time, Europe would be facing the same crisis which has gravely threatened its national secur

09/10/2019

Luxembourg -
A bid to broaden a "pilot" migrant-relocation scheme across the European Union met with a tepid response Monday, auguring badly for stalled plans to reform the bloc's crumbling asylum policy.

EU interior ministers discussed the relocation scheme hatched two weeks ago by four countries -- France, Germany, Italy and Malta -- but in the end only three other member states gave their support: Luxembourg, Ireland, and Portugal.

26/08/2019

ON VIKING: Six EU countries on Friday agreed to take in 356 migrants stranded on a rescue ship in the Mediterranean after a two-week standoff again exposed the failure of European leaders to quickly deal with desperate people fleeing conflict and poverty in Africa.

The Norwegian-flagged Ocean Viking, run by charities MSF and SOS Mediterranee, had been seeking a port after rescuing four boats of migrants off the Libyan coast between August 9 and 12.

The migrants screamed with joy as the news broke, the adults sweeping their children into their arms and dancing and singing.

After talks with the European Commission, Malta agreed its navy would transfer the migrants to the island but not be allowed to stay.
The transfer to navy boats for the journey to shore was set to begin at 1500 GMT and expected to take several hours.

The migrants will be relocated to other member states, Maltese Prime Minister Joseph Muscat tweeted, listing destination countries as France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal and Romania.

Charities had warned that food supplies on the 69-metre (220-foot) boat were running out and the migrants and staff were jubilant as the deal was announced.

“Thank you, Mama,” the youngsters rescued said, kissing MSF nurse Mary Jo, who has taken care of them.

They hugged their saviours — Tanguy, Clement, Antonin, Basile, Eric and Alessandro.

The agreement was made as another rescue boat, the Mare Jonio, set off for Libyan waters, the Italian left-wing collective Mediterranea which runs the ship said in a tweet.

Rescue charities have been scathing about the lack of coordination and solidarity among EU member states in dealing with migration standoffs over the past years, with tens of thousands making the perilous trip across the Mediterranean.

“We are relieved this long ordeal for the 356 people we have on board is finally over. Was it necessary to impose two weeks of excruciating wait for rescued people to be disembarked?” said Jay Berger, MSF’s project coordinator onboard the Ocean Viking.

“This 14-day standoff of the Viking Ocean was shocking,” Frederic Penard, director of operations at SOS Mediterranee, said in a statement.

“We hope that the ad hoc solution implemented today will transform into the predictable and sustainable disembarkation mechanism promised many times by several European Union member states,” he said.

The charity said the Ocean Viking would now change crews, refuel and be resupplied before heading back to Libyan waters.

The boat had been denied entry to dock by both Malta and Italy and is just the latest in a string of migrant ship standoffs.

Italy’s far-right Interior Minister Matteo Salvini has repeatedly insisted that rescued migrants can only land in Italy if other EU countries take them in.

He has been accused of demonising migrants and leaving them to drown in the sea.

As a political crisis plays out in Rome following the break up of the coalition government, Salvini tweeted that he had been vindicated.

30/07/2019

An Italian coastguard vessel stranded in the Mediterranean with more than 130 migrants aboard has been allowed to dock in the eastern Sicilian port of Augusta, but Rome on Sunday refused to let them disembark until a deal is struck with the EU, AFP reported.

“The Gregoretti berthed in the port of Augusta overnight, as is normal procedure for a military vessel,” Transport Minister Danilo Toninelli said in a statement. “Now the EU has to act because the migration question concerns the whole continent.”

Some 140 migrants, who had set off from Libya in two rickety boats, were picked up by Italian patrols on Thursday night and transferred to the Gregoretti ship.

Several migrants aboard the Gregoretti have already been evacuated for medical attention, including a seven-month pregnant woman, her two children and her partner.

Italy’s Interior Minister Matteo Salvini, however, has reiterated that the remaining migrants would not be able to leave the vessel until other European countries agree to take them in.

French President Emmanuel Macron announced last Monday that 14 EU members had approved a plan to redistribute refugees rescued in the Mediterranean, and eight said they would actively take part.

02/06/2019

The U.N. refugee agency says it has evacuated 149 refugees and asylum-seekers from the strife-torn Libyan capital of Tripoli and brought them to safety in Italy.
UNHCR transported the evacuees to a site near Rome, it said Thursday. The evacuees — from Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan and Ethiopia — included 65 children. Thirteen were younger than a year old.
The evacuees had spent months in grave conditions in detention centers in Tripoli, UNHCR said. With the security situation worsening, the U.N. collaborated with Libyan and Italian authorities to move them.
Somalia's ambassador to Libya, Muhiyadin Mohamed Kalmoy, said that amid Tripoli's volatility, UNHCR was better able than foreign diplomats to locate African refugees and move them to safety.

FILE - Migrants are seen at a detention center in Zawiya, west of Tripoli, Libya, April 26, 2019.
"The Somalis who were among the evacuees were indirectly contacting us about their situation," Kalmoy told VOA's Somali Service on Friday, "but we had no official contact from UNHCR regarding those evacuated to Rome."
Kalmoy said his government was working "to secure and prove the identity of our Somali citizens" and to help UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) process cases so individuals could return "to Somalia or a third hosting country."
He said he did not know how many Somalis were among the evacuees.
Kalmoy said his government estimated some 5,000 to 6,000 Somalis overall have migrated to Libya, noting "nobody knows the exact number since it is open border." He said the government, working with IOM, has returned "more than 200 of them who wanted to go back home."

'Dire living conditions'
The ambassador said he worried about the safety of Somalis remaining in detention centers in southern and western parts of Tripoli.
"There still [are a] good number of African migrants stranded in southern and southwestern parts of Tripoli, including Somalis," Kalmoy said. "They always contact us and tell us that they are in dire living conditions and would like to be sent back to their home countries.
"There is still a ruthless network of smugglers holding a large number of African migrants they had kidnapped. We are always hearing very painful stories from them," he added.
Many of those evacuated Thursday suffer from malnourishment, according to Jean-Paul Cavalieri, UNHCR chief of mission in Libya. They were to receive food, clothing and medical care, then were to be transported to Norway with help from IOM.
Their evacuation followed another one earlier this week, in which 62 urban refugees from Syria, Sudan and Somalia were transferred from Tripoli to UNHCR's Emergency Transit Center in Timisoara, Romania, the agency reported.
Nearly 600 people have died in recent clashes in Libya, according to the World Health Organization. Last week, two ambulance drivers were killed in shelling attacks.

01/05/2019

TUNIS, Tunisia (AP) — Tunisia and Italy bolstered their ties with a visit Tuesday by the Italian prime minister, concluding commercial deals and pleading for dialogue, not fighting, to prevail in Libya.

Seven cooperation agreements on energy, education and decentralization were signed during the visit by Italian Premier Giuseppe Conte and an array of top ministers for the first inter-governmental summit between the two nations.

Deputy Premier Luigi Di Maio and anti-migrant Interior Minister Matteo Salvini were among those present. Italy’s defense minister didn’t t make the trip, as initially planned.

An important delegation of Italian business leaders took part in an economic forum.

After taking office last May, Conte made Tunisia his first stop south of the Mediterranean in November. Accords were reached then on help in controlling the more than 400-kilometer (250-mile) Libyan-Tunisian border and development of Tunisia’s interior.

On Tuesday, Conte met with Tunisia’s President Beji Caid Essebsi, notably discussing the worsening situation in Libya.

“Dialogue is the only means to avoid an escalation and guarantee the unity and stability of Libya,” Conte was quoted in a statement by the president’s office as saying.

He expressed firm support for Tunisia’s efforts to fight illegal immigration and extremism, the statement said.

Tunisian Prime Minister Youssef Chahed, speaking with Conte at a joint news conference, said that Italy and Tunisia are the nations “most touched” by the crisis in Libya.

He expressed fear that Tunisia could relive the experience of 2011 when more than 1 million refugees fled Libya for Tunisia in the fighting that ended the rule of Moammar Gadhafi, and said security forces at the Libyan border are in a state of maximum alert.

Field Marshal Khalifa Hifter’s self-styled Libyan National Army launched an operation to retake the Libyan capital of Tripoli on April 4 and has been locked in heavy fighting in and around the city with militias loosely allied with a U.N.-supported government. The clashes have killed more than 270 people.

Conte said Italy talks with all sides and “has good relations with Hifter.” But he rejected the fighting.

Libya slid into chaos after longtime dictator Moammar Gadhafi was overthrown and killed in 2011.

The 2011 Tunisian revolution triggered the Arab Spring that ricocheted to Libya. Now, Tunisia’s budding democracy is plagued with economic and security problems, and youth seeking an exit.

Under Salvini, Italy has essentially closed its ports to migrants fleeing Libya aboard smugglers’ boats. According to interior ministry data, 722 migrants arrived in Italy in 2019 as of Monday, compared with 9,419 during the same period last year and 37,034 in 2017.

Whereas Nigerian, Eritrean and other sub-Saharan Africans often made up the majority of migrants coming to Italy in previous years, Tunisians now take the top spot.

As of Monday, 226 of the migrants arriving this year were Tunisians, according to the interior ministry.

26/04/2019

Akbar” attacks Italian police
Author: Thema Newsroom
The man from Senegal was arrested in Turin

A 26-year-old Senegalese migrant was arrested after attacking a pair of Italian police officers with an iron bar in the city of Turin while allegedly yelling “Allahu Akbar” as he attacked them.

The 26-year-old was later identified as illegal Senegalese migrant Ndiaye Migui who attacked the two police officers over the weekend along the via Cuneo wounding the two officers, with one suffering trauma to the head and the other injuries to his hand as a result of the attack, Il Giornale reports.

The newspaper also added that the incident is not the first time the 26-year-old has been in trouble with Italian police. He is said to have committed a similar attack in late March against a different police officer in the same area, which is in close proximity to the makeshift shack where he is said to have been living.

15/04/2019

Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte and Defense Minister Elisabetta Trenta on Saturday sought to defuse reports of disarray within government ranks over the escalation of violence in Libya, Trend reports citing Xinhua.
The eastern-based military forces led by Khalifa Haftar launched a military operation last week attempting to take over western Libya, the capital Tripoli in particular, where the UN-backed government is based. The government forces there have fought back.
The Haftar-led army is allied with Libya's eastern-based government. The politically divided North African country has been struggling to make a democratic transition amid clashes and chaos since the fall of former leader Muammar Gaddafi's government in 2011.
Italy supports the U.N.-backed government led by Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj. It opened an embassy in Tripoli in 2017, and sent a 300-member military task force as part of a "bilateral mission for assistance and support in Libya", according to the defence ministry.
Also in 2017, Italy struck a deal with the government led by al-Sarraj to stop people traffickers' boats loaded with migrants and asylum seekers from leaving for Italy, approved a mission to support the Libyan Coast Guard in the fight against migrant traffickers, and allocated six million euros (6.8 million U.S. dollars) for migrant detention camps in Libya.
In an interview with Il Fatto Quotidiano newspaper on Saturday, Conte downplayed Friday's report in La Stampa newspaper that Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini has talked to his Libyan counterpart, Deputy Prime Minister Ahmed Maitig, and claimed that France is trying to undermine the al-Sarraj government.
"I have no reason to think that France could have interests other than in Libya's stability and full recovery," Conte told Il Fatto Quotidiano. "An unstable Libya certainly would not allow France to pursue possible national economic interests."
Conte was at pains to reiterate that the Italian government is united in its approach to the Libya crisis.
"I am personally coordinating the Libya dossier, which is strategic for Italy," Conte said. "Italy does not bet on one or the other player."
Conte also confirmed news reports that he has met with a delegation from Haftar recently in Rome.
"I confirm the meeting took place," he told Il Fatto Quotidiano. "They delivered a personal letter from General Haftar to me....They said they want to free the country from terrorist organizations and unify the armed forces and security forces. I reiterated my firm opposition to a military degeneration that would inflict further suffering on the civilian population. I reiterated my openness to keeping open every type of dialogue that could be useful to find a political solution."
Conte said he has spoken with German Chancellor Angela Merkel and that "she is also very concerned and shares our position, which is that the military option cannot be a solution."
"We will work together within the European Union (EU) to pursue a common policy and to avoid proceeding in a disorderly fashion," Conte said.

The al-Sarraj government is "the only government recognized by the international community" but "a solution to the conflict is unthinkable without dialogue with all the players - local or international - who play a role (in Libya)," he added.
"Haftar has always played an important role," said Conte. "This is why I involved him in the Palermo conference (in November 2018), I met with him in Benghazi, and hosted him in Rome."
Conte stressed his concern over a possible humanitarian crisis if the conflict in Libya does not abate, saying that while the violence might interrupt the flow of migrants into Libya from sub-Saharan Africa, "Libya could go from being mostly a country of migrant transit to one of departure."
Conte also said Italy's military contingent and embassy staff will "remain fully operational for now, but we are ready to intervene to safeguard their security at any time."
He was echoed by his defense minister, Trenta, who told Corriere della Sera newspaper in an interview also on Saturday that as far as Italian staff in Libya, "the evacuation plans are operational, we'll see how the situation evolves."
With regards to Salvini's aggressive remarks against France, Trenta said that "there is no need a showdown, there is no need to act tough as I see some doing just to grab a newspaper headline or two. What we need now is intelligence, composure, and dialogue."
Like Conte, the defense minister said that Italy "talks to all the players in the field as well as our international partners", and added that "France is our partner and friend, and I expect a country who is friend to act with fairness".
"There is excellent cooperation and healthy competition between France and Italy," Trenta told Corriere. "We do not work to damage each other, but it is normal that Italy should also strive to pursue its own interests."
Trenta also categorically dismissed the notion of armed intervention in Libya.
"If anyone is thinking about military intervention in Libya, I can say the option does not exist," Trenta said. "And we will not back a hypothetical intervention by other countries."
The World Health Organization said dozens have been killed, hundreds have been wounded and thousands displaced by the fighting in Libya, and the UN refugee agency UNHCR, which said 9,500 people have been driven from their homes, on Friday called for the immediate release of over 1,500 refugees and migrants who are believed to be trapped in detention centers where hostilities are raging.

24/02/2019

Germans and GID have revealed that a big number of Gambian deportees will depart Frankfurt airport on Monday 25th February 2019. Gambians in Germany and Europe are being rounded up by the police for identification by Fatou Demba.

Gambian Back way boys are apparently very angry at Government, in particular GID. They blame GID for being at the front line of their expulsion from Europe. They have threatened to attack the DG and Immigration facilities within the Kombos. DG of Immigration has started changing vehicles after work just to avoid attack from the desert boys. A back way returnee swore that they will put an end to what he called government madness. “If conditions force us to go to Europe during the Jammeh administration days and we were not forcefully returned why must we be returned by the Barrow administration” a very angry man remarked.

GID intimated that the DG will embark on tour this Monday. The timing is ill-conceived according to some Senegalese security experts noting Senegal is holding presidential elections on Sunday and this could have some security implications to both countries. Senegalese will also be voting in many parts of Gambia on Sunday. Immigration should be on top of the geopolitics of the subregion adding, borders must be closely monitored before, during and after the elections. DG as a “rookie Director General suffering from national security shortsightedness”.Inspector Mala Cham has been dismissed from Immigration amid threats from an army Captain and a police OC whose passport applications were never successful as the fees were diverted and used by her. Series of complaints to the command were made by the aggrieved persons but to no avail. The complainants threatened to take the matter to court since the command weren’t eager to take action. Cognizant of the implications therein the administration had no option but to make a decision on the matter. The support rendered to the inspector to abuse and squander people’s passport fees because she is an in-law to DG was an open secret to everyone here in Banjul. For this the command has to botched and fire her. The dismissed Mala Cham is indebted with close to one hundred and fifty thousand dalasis (D150,000) of people’s passport monies. Corruption is aided and abetted with impunity. Many like Mala Cham still happily duel in corrupt practices at GID.

As I piece this write up together, DG immigration does not seem to trust anyone, even his deputy is no longer trusted to an extent that DG takes passport application forms to his home after close of work. He said immigration officers including the command and the passport panel want to fail him. He could not understand how former General Bora Colley whose passport was cancelled and reported to Interpol agents early 2018, got a passport using a false name few months ago. However, DG himself should not be trusted since he has been implicated many times in the past for selling blank passports to Nigerians., DG is good at scapegoating people however, this time around it will not hold. His approval rating is increasingly plummeting by the day.

Seniority is a potential conflict at GID. Senior officers argue over who is more senior at parade amid junior officers murmuring and bickering. Indiscipline is the order of the day. At a parade I witnessed the DG appealing to officers to complement their seniors the core command. Command and control are lacking, Officers complain of low service morale. A female officer complained to a senior official of the SIS that they are subject of abuse and harassment should they refuse a love relation with the command. A senior female Immigration officer was transferred from the Ministry by the command for no logical reasons. We are told she refused to entertain excesses from the top. Another lady transferred to a border village in the West Coast Region on similar emotional advances.

Immigration website was hacked last week, and some valuable information removed or distorted. Many blame head of Human Resources as an accomplice to the hacking. They argued that since he is the system administrator nothing would go wrong without his expressed approval, a source closer to DG informed me. Trust is a precious commodity difficult to find in Immigration nowadays. Officers don’t trust each other so to speak. “If passports can be approved at home and not the office what do you expect”? a senior female immigration officer lamented.

From a concerned senior security within the Gambian security sector.

Editors note: The views expressed by the author are entirely that of his own views. Thanks for your attention.

04/01/2019

oup of Italian mayors has rebelled against Matteo Salvini, the country’s hardline interior minister, by refusing to implement stringent new laws on the treatment of asylum seekers.

The mayors of Palermo, Naples, Florence and Parma said that a controversial security law, passed by the populist coalition in November, violates the basic rights of migrants and refugees.

The law prevents migrants from seeking residency permits while they are waiting for their asylum applications to be considered, meaning that they cannot access services such as health care, housing and schools for their children.

The mayors are threatening to block the implementation of the law in their cities, in a major challenge to the populist coalition, which came to power in June.

The clash comes after Italy’s president, Sergio Mattarella, called for an end to the rancour prevalent in Italian politics and warned against the dangers of whipping up xenophobia, in a New Year’s Eve address that was watched on television by 10 million Italians.

Leoluca Orlando, the centre-Left mayor of Palermo, said the security decree was “inhumane”.

A migrant from Burkina Faso in Rome. A group of Italian mayors has clashed with the government over a new security decree.
A migrant from Burkina Faso in Rome. A group of Italian mayors has clashed with the government over a new security decree. CREDIT: ANDREW MEDICHINI/AP
That earned him a rebuke from Mr Salvini, whose policy of closing ports to migrant rescue boats has proved popular among a large section of the Italian electorate.

“With all the problems there are in Palermo, the mayor gets it into his head to stage civil disobedience on immigrants," said Mr Salvini, who is also deputy prime minister and leader of The League, the hard-Right party that governs in alliance with the Five Star Movement.

“Mayors on the Left should be thinking about their citizens who are in economic difficulty, not illegal migrants.”

He accused the mayors, some of them members of the opposition Democratic Party, of trying to overturn a law that had been passed by parliament.

“The security decree, a law of good sense and civilisation, was approved by the government and parliament, and signed by the president of the republic," he said.

He threatened to choke off government funding to cities that refused to impose the new law and said the mayors could face legal proceedings.

Mr Orlando denied that he and other mayors were engaging in “civil disobedience”.

They simply wanted to ensure that “constitutional rights that are guaranteed for all those who live in our country.”

Dario Nardella, the mayor of Florence, said the security law made a mockery of humanitarian rights, while Luigi de Magistris, the mayor of Naples, said the city would continue to grant residency to asylum seekers.

Left-leaning mayors have clashed with Mr Salvini before, notably last summer when he ordered the closure of Italian ports to NGO ships that rescued migrants and refugees in the Mediterranean.

The mayors of several port cities, including Messina, Reggio Calabria, Naples and Palermo, tried to defy the order, saying they would gladly welcome rescued migrants.

The initiative would have required the collaboration of the Italian coast guard, which is under the jurisdiction of the government, and so came to nothing.

Dario Nardella, the mayor of Florence
Dario Nardella, the mayor of Florence CREDIT: TULLIO PUGLIA/GETTY
On Thursday, Mr de Magistris revived the idea and said Naples would be willing to accept a rescue ship run by a German NGO, Sea Watch.

The ship has been in limbo in the Mediterranean for 13 days with 32 rescued migrants on board, after several countries denied it access to their ports.

Amid bad weather and rough seas, many of the migrants on board are suffering from severe seasickness and dehydration.

Over the last five years, more than 600,000 migrants and refugees have reached Italy by boat from the coast of North Africa, the vast majority of them setting out from Libya.

The pace of arrivals has slowed dramatically since the coalition closed Italian ports to rescue boats.

Last year, 23,000 migrants reached Italy - around a fifth of the number who arrived in 2017 when nearly 120,000 crossed from Libya.

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