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13/09/2026


💢Part 1
💢 3-
3 : Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.- Parliament may by law -

(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;
(b) increase the area of any State;
(c) diminish the area of any State;
(d) alter the boundaries of any State;
(e) alter the name of any State:

Provided that no Bill for the purpose shall be introduced in either House of Parliament except on the recommendation of the President and unless, where the proposal contained in the Bill affects the area, boundaries or name of any of the States, the Bill has been referred by the President to the Legislature of that State for expressing its views thereon within such period as may be specified in the reference or within such further period as the President may allow and the period so specified or allowed has expired.

Explanation I.—In this article, in clauses (a) to (e), State includes a Union territory, but in the proviso, State does not include a Union territory.

Explanation II.—The power conferred on Parliament by clause (a) includes the power to form a new State or Union territory by uniting a part of any State or Union territory to any other State or Union territory.

26/08/2026


💢 Part I
💢 2
2 : Admission or establishment of new States.
Parliament may by law admit into the Union, or
establish, new States on such terms and conditions as it
thinks fit.
2(A) : [Sikkim to be associated with the Union.] Rep. by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5 (w.e.f. 26-4-1975).

25/08/2026


💢Part I
💢 1
1(1) : Name and territory of the Union:-
India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
1(2) : The States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the First Schedule.
1(3) : The territory of India shall comprise-
1(3)(a) : The territories of the States;
1(3)(b) : The Union territories specified in the First Schedule;
and
1(3)(c) : Such other territories as may be acquired.

24/08/2026


I (Articles 1 to 4) is titled
"The Union and its Territory"
💢 1: Name and territory of the Union;
States that "India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States" and defines the national territory.
💢 2: Admission or establishment of new States;
Allows Parliament to admit new states into the Union.
💢 3: Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names;
Gives Parliament power to form new states, change state areas, boundaries, or names.
💢 4: Laws made under Articles 2 and 3;
Explains that changes made under Articles 2 and 3 do not count as formal constitutional amendments.

23/08/2026

In Union case (1960):
The Supreme Court held that the Preamble is not a part of the .
It stated that the Preamble could not override the plain text of individual articles, though it could serve as a key in a case of ambiguity.
But
In the case of (1973):
The Supreme Court reversed the Berubari Union Case verdict and recognised the Preamble as an integral part of the Constitution.
The Court held that the Preamble is not the source of any substantive powers but is a key to interpreting the Constitution's provisions.
The components of the preamble intrinsically form the "basic structure" of the Constitution, which cannot be abolished or violated through the amendment process....
In LIC of India Case (1995):
The of India reiterated that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution.
However, it clarified that the Preamble cannot be directly enforced in court as a standalone provision....

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPU...
21/08/2026

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

(Note: As amended up to July, 2026.)

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