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15/05/2026

1️⃣Review Petition - is a formal application made to the Supreme Court, asking it to reconsider and re-examine its own judgment or order. It is not an appeal but a plea before the court to reconsider its own decision to ensure that no defect lies in the order or judgement.
The constitutional foundation for a review petition lies in Article 137 of the Constitution of India.

2️⃣Curative petition - is a judicial reform, created not by any constitutional provision or any statute, but by the inherent power of the Supreme Court itself. It emerged from a fundamental question: What happens when even a review petition is dismissed and yet there exists a grave miscarriage of justice ?

3️⃣Mercy petition - is a final and formal application filed by the convicted person before the President seeking for mercy after all judicial remedies has been availed but the Supreme Court confirmed the punishment, especially in cases of death penalty.

12/05/2026

AK Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950) — the case that built walls between fundamental rights instead of bridges. 🏛️

25/03/2026

1️⃣Actus Non Facit Reum Nisi Mens Sit Rea is a fundamental principle in criminal law which means an act does not make an individual guilty unless there’s a guilty mind. This principle protects individuals from being convicted for acts committed by them without any intention to do so. However this principle also has an exception, in situation where mens rea (guilty mind) is not necessary such principle may not be applied.

2️⃣Audi Alteram Partem the concept of natural justice has evolved from this legal maxim. The literal meaning of this maxim is “to hear the other side”. This is one of the most important maxims which basically means that no individual will be judged without fair hearing.

3️⃣Res Ipsa Loquitur this plea means “the thing speaks for itself” this principle is mainly used for establishing negligence. This principle generates a rebuttable presumption about negligence on the part of the defendant when it is difficult to directly prove that there was a breach.

4️⃣Ignorantia Juris non excusat this means that mere ignorance of the law is not an excuse. This principle places responsibility on individual to know and follow the law. An individual cannot avoid liability by claiming that they did not know the law.

5️⃣Res Judicata the word Res means “subject matter” and judicata means “adjudged”or “decided” and hence together it means “a matter adjudged or decided. Res judicata refers to the principle by which one judgement has a binding effect on subsequent proceedings.





21/03/2026

1️⃣Regular Bail- It applies when a person is arrested or is in judicial custody for both bailable and non- bailable offence by a Magistrate or Sessions/High Court.

2️⃣Anticipatory Bail-It applies for individuals who are apprehending or anticipating to be arrested for a non- bailable offence.

3️⃣Statutory Bail- It is granted to an accused in cases of procedural lapse in investigation or the investigation is not completed within the statutory time frame, i.e., 60 days or 90 days, depending upon the nature of the offence.

4️⃣Interim Bail- Can be granted during the pendency of a regular bail application for a short period of time. It is governed by the provisions of regular bail, however, it is the discretion of the court whether to grant the interim bail or not.

5️⃣Transit Bail- It offers temporary protection from being arrested when a person is located in one state but faces arrest in another. The individual can approach a nearby local court and seek for a transit bail to be able to travel to the jurisdiction where the case has been registered.





04/03/2026

1️⃣Zero FIR- this allows an individual to report a crime at any nearby police station irrespective of where the crime occurred. Later all the documents related to such FIR has to be transferred to the police station with jurisdiction over the place of occurrence of the crime.

2️⃣Electronic FIR –this enables an individual to register FIR through electronic means however it has to be signed within three days by the person giving it.

3️⃣Cognizable FIR also known as Conventional FIR - this is a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about a cognizable offence or offences which are serious in nature i.e. murder, r**e, In such cases the police can investigate and arrest without a warrant.

4️⃣Counter FIR- this is a second FIR filed by the accused against the original complainant with regard to the same incident.





01/03/2026

Article 226 of the Indian Constitution empowers the High Courts to issue certain writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights of individuals or for any other purpose.

1️⃣Habeas corpus- this type of write is used in cases of unlawful detention in order to enforce the fundamental right of an individual. When this writ is issued, the person or the authority who has arrested an individual must bring that particular individual before the respective court. This writ can be issued against both public authorities as well as private individuals.

2️⃣Mandamus - this type of writ is used when any public body or public official or corporation or lower court or tribunal or even the government authorities for that matter has failed to discharge their needful duty. After the issuance of this particular writ the said duty has to be performed by the respective authorities.

3️⃣Prohibition- this type of writ is used when a court which is in a lower position exceeds its jurisdiction. The writ of prohibition can only be issued against judicial and quasi judicial authorities.

4️⃣Certiorari - this type of writ is used by the higher court to a lower court or tribunal, either to transfer a case to itself or to quash a decision made by the lower authority. Certiorari can be both preventive as well as corrective in nature.

5️⃣Qua warranto- this write is issued by a court to enquire into the legality of a person’s claim to hold a public office. It basically prevents unlawful occupancy of a public office by an individual without proper legal authority.





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