UCLAI An India Base International Law Group of Advocate Chandel Chambers

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23/05/2021

वसीहत आपके बाद भी आपकी इच्छाओं को जीवित रखने, रखवाने और मनवाने का एकमात्र और सर्वोत्तम साधन है।
-उत्तम चन्देल अधिवक्ता (विधिशास्त्रविद्)

वसीयत या व‍िल लिखना भविष्य योजना का अंतिम चरण है विशेषकर उस ककल के लिए जकब आप मौजूद न होंगे। यह आपको अपनी विरासत सही हाथोंं में पीछे छोड़कर जाने की सहूलियत देता है। यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि आपके उतराधिकारी आपकी मेहनत का सही लाभ उठा सकें।

वसीयत क्या है?
वसीयत या विल एक कानूनी दस्तावेज है जो बताता है कि कोई अपने न रहने पर अपनी संपत्ति कैसे बांटना चाहता है। यह नीचे बताए गए कामों में सक्षम बनाती है:

-अपनी इच्छानुसार आपकी संपत्ति का सही विभाजन।
-व्यवसाय की निरंतरता के लिए प्रावधान।
-नाबालिग बच्चों के लिए ट्रस्‍ट और अभिभावक नियुक्त करना।

विल न केवल आपको अपने प्रियजनों को शामिल करने की सहूलियत देती है, बल्कि कुछ ऐसे लोगों को भी शामिल करने का विकल्प देती है, जो आपकी विरासत के योग्य नहीं हो सकते हैं। यदि आप कोई संपत्ति रखते हैं और किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को छोड़ना चाहते हैं, जो आपका स्वाभाविक उत्तराधिकारी नहीं है, तो आपको एक वसीयत बनानी ही होगी।

अगर आप वसीयत नहीं बनाते हैं तो क्या होता है?
अगर वसीयत किए बिना किसी की मौत हो जाती है तो स्वाभाविक रूप से उसकी संपत्ति को उत्तराधिकार कानूनों के अनुसार विभाजित और वितरित किया जाएगा। हालांकि, कुछ खास परिस्थितियों के लिए यह सबसे अच्छा विकल्प नहीं हो सकता है। इससे संपत्ति गलत हाथों में पड़ सकती है या कुछ खास लोग जिन्हें आप लाभ पहुँचाना चाहते हैं, को बाहर रखा जा सकता है। यह मानते हुए कि आपने अपना पूरा जीवन अपनी संपत्तियों के निर्माण में बिताया है, अंत में इसे कौन प्राप्त करता है, इसका पूरा नियंत्रण बनाए रखना शायद एक अच्छा विचार है।

किस मामले में विल बनाना आवश्यक हो जाता है?
अगर कोई मान्‍य वसीयत को छोड़े बिना दुनिया से गुजर जाता है तो जीवित रिश्तेदारों के सामने भयावह समस्या हो सकती है। यह अनावश्यक चिंता और तनाव की वजह बनता है। पारिवारिक कलह और मुकदमेबाजी हो सकती है। एक स्पष्ट और अच्छी तरह से लिखित वसीयत वारिसों के बीच किसी भी टकराव से बचाने में मदद करती है।

विल नहीं बनाने के लिए सामान्य बहाने:
-मैं तो युवा हूं: कोई भी व्यक्ति जो कहता है कि वे बहुत छोटे हैं, केवल उम्र के साथ आने वाली प्राकृतिक मृत्यु के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं। लेकिन, आकस्मिक मृत्यु के बारे में क्या? आप अनुमान नहीं लगा सकते कि जीवन में क्या होता है। बहुत से लोग सोचते हैं कि वसीयत बनाना कुछ ऐसा है जो आपको अपने जीवन के अंत में करना है। लेकिन, यह सभी आयु समूहों के लिए जरूरी प्रक्रिया है।

-पति को वैसे भी सब कुछ मिल जायेगा।

-पति की मृत्यु के बाद तो सब कुछ पत्नी और बच्चों का ही होगा।

- यह जटिल है : यदि विल बनाना जटिल है, तो उन जटिलताओं की कल्पना करें जो विल नहीं बनाने के साथ आती हैं।

किन बातों का रखें ध्‍यान!
कई निवेशकों का तर्क है कि उनकी अधिकांश संपत्ति में नामांकन है। लेकिन, एक व्यापक गलतफहमी है कि एक नॉमिनी किसी संपत्ति का अंतिम लाभार्थी होता है। एक नॉमिनी सिर्फ संपत्ति का ट्रस्टी या केयरटेकर होता है, मालिक नहीं। वह केवल किसी की मृत्यु के बाद संपत्ति को सही कानूनी उत्तराधिकारियों को हस्तांतरित करने के लिए नियुक्त किया जाता है, वसीयत एक 'सर्वोच्च' दस्तावेज है। यदि किसी नॉमिनी को अदालत में चुनौती दी जाती है, तो वसीयत या उत्तराधिकार कानूनों में एक नॉमिनी को ओवरराइड करने की शक्ति होती है, जिसका अर्थ है कि नॉमिनी संपत्ति पाने के लिए जरूरी नहीं है। इसलिए यह सुनिश्चित करना महत्वपूर्ण है कि नामांकन करने के बावजूद वसीयत भी बनाई जाए।

-कई बार केवल परिवार का मुखिया ही विल तैयार करने के बारे में सोचता है। लेकिन, पारिवारिक संपत्ति सदस्यों में फैली हुई है, तो सुनिश्चित करें कि परिवार में सभी संपत्तिधारकों के पास वसीयत हाे।

-नाबालिग बच्चों वाले परिवारों के लिए एक वसीयत बनाना बिल्कुल जरूरी है। यदि किसी दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण स्थिति में माता-पिता दोनों विल के बिना मर जाते हैं, तो कोई भी व्यक्ति यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए नहीं मान्‍य होगा कि बच्चे और संपत्ति की देखभाल कैसे की जाए। विल छोटे बच्चों के लिए ट्रस्टी या संरक्षक नियुक्त करने की सुविधा देती है।

-किसी वसीयतकर्ता द्वारा की गई कोई भी वसीयत रद्द हो जाती है अगर वह शादी कर ले, मतलब किसी व्यक्ति की शादी से पहले लिखी गई सभी वसीयतें अमान्य हैं। कानूनी रूप से बाध्यकारी होने के लिए शादी करने के बाद विल को फिर से लिखना होगा।

वसीयत करने का क्‍या तरीका है?
चूंकि आपकी विल शायद सबसे महत्वपूर्ण दस्तावेज है, जिस पर आप हस्ताक्षर करते हैं, इसलिए सलाह दी जाती है कि जब आपके पास समय हो और तसल्‍ली हो तब शांत मन से इसके लिए बैठें, किसी भी भूमि, अचल संपत्ति, बैंक जमा, शेयर, जीवन बीमा, सोना, व्यक्तिगत विरासत और अन्य निवेश सहित अपनी सभी परिसंपत्तियों को सूचीबद्ध करके इसकी शुरुआत करें। आप अपनी बकाया देनदारियों पर भी ध्यान दें।

किस तरह के निर्णय लेने की जरूरत होगी?

- अपने लाभार्थियों का फैसला करें

-नाबालिग बच्चों के लिए अभिभावक तय करें।

-अपने व्यवसाय, एचयूएफ, आदि के लिए उत्तराधिकार की योजनाएं तय करें।

-दो गवाहों का चयन करें। गवाहों को विल में लाभार्थी नहीं होना चाहिए। कुछ मामलों यह विल को अमान्य बना सकता है, ऐसे गवाह चुनें, जिसे मौत से कोई फायदा नहीं हो।

-एक निष्पादक नियुक्त करें, आपके निष्पादकों को आम तौर पर आपसे छोटा होना चाहिये।

-इसका मसौदा तैयार करने के लिए एक उचित वकील की सेवाएं लें, जब तक यह एक सीधा मामला नहीं हो, तब तक इसे स्वयं करने का प्रयास न करें, यही बेहतर होगा।

अच्छी गुणवत्ता वाले A4 पेपर या हरे रंग के बहीखाता पत्र पर अपनी वसीयत को लिखें या प्रिंट करें। यह समय के साथ खराब नहीं होता है, सिलवटों के बिना इसे एक पूर्ण आकार के लिफाफे में स्टोर करें और समय रहते इसका पंजीकरण अवश्य ही करवायें।

-भारतीय कानूनों के अनुसार, इसे पंजीकृत करना या स्‍टैंप पेपर पर लिखना जरूरी नहीं है, ऐसा है भी और नहीं भी। हाँलाकि, आप रजिस्टर करते हैं, तो यह केवल इसकी प्रामाणिकता पर उठाए गए किसी भी संदेह का अंत करता है और आपके बाद आपकी इच्छाओं को बेहिचक क्रियान्वित करती है। आपके क्षेत्र के सब रजिस्ट्रार कार्यालय में विल पंजीकृत होती है।

-वसीयत मान्‍य होने के लिए जब आप हस्ताक्षर करते हैं तो दोनों गवाहों को शारीरिक रूप से एक साथ उपस्थित होना चाहिए उरुस्का पंजीकरण अवश्य ही करवायें। आपके गवाहों को जरूरत पड़ने पर अदालत में गवाही देने के लिए बुलाया जा सकता है।

-आप उसकी एक प्रति बना सकते हैं, उन्हें अलग-अलग स्टोर कर सकते हैं परंतु भ्रम से बचने के लिए अपनी विल की कई प्रतियाँ न बनाएं, कॉपियों को नोटरीकृत किया जाना चाहिए एक असुरक्षित विकल्प है पुख्ता कानूनी समाधान नहीं समाधान केवल उसका पंजीकरण ही है।

-विल को आपके बैंक के लॉकर में सुरक्षित रूप से रखा जाना चाहिए। लाभार्थियों और निष्पादकों को यह सूचित किया जाना चाहिए कि आपने अपनी वसीयत कहाँ जमा की है।

-जैसे ही आपकी परिस्थितियाँ और संपत्ति बढ़ती या बदलती हैं, आपको हर 3-4 साल में अपनी वसीयत की समीक्षा करनी चाहिए और इसे अपडेप रखना चाहिए।

-अगर आप दूसरी, तीसरी या चौथी विल बनाते हैं तो पंजीकरण करवाने के साथ साथ पिछली वसीयतों को रद्द भी करवाते चलें।

-विल बनाना न केवल आपकी मानसिक शांति के लिए जरूरी है, बल्कि इससे प्रियजनों के बीच खटास की आशंका भी खत्‍म होती है।

अधिक जानकारी के लिए संयोर्क कर सकते हैं:
9837034568, 9369132435
ऐडवोकेट चन्देल एंड कंपनी, आगरा

20/05/2021

विवाह विच्छेद कानूनों में अत्यंत ही क्लिष्ठता और निर्णय में अमूल्य जीवन समय की बर्बादी, ब्लैकमेलिंग, कानून के एक तरफा व्यवहार इस सब के लिए ज़िम्मेदार है और इसी कारण ये अब आम जीवन प्रक्रिया में भी शुमार होने लगा है और अर्बन-शहरी जीवन ने इसको दबे स्वर में ही सही पर अपनाना भी शुरू कर दिया है। ये जीवन पद्धति समाज का मुख्य चरित्र अवश्य न हो पर चरित्र अवश्य ही स्थापित हो रही है, कदाचित काल की यही विडंबना है।

26/08/2020

https://www.facebook.com/275755742490971/posts/3366423860090795/?sfnsn=wiwspmo&extid=kxOzPyYCMpTWUx6y

सिविल प्रक्रिया संहिता 1908 के अंतर्गत जब पक्षकारों को समन किया जाता है तो आदेश 9 के अंतर्गत पक्षकारों की उपस्थिति या ...

26/07/2020

Sexual Abuse of Males

male R**e

Male r**e and s*xual abuse has a negative connotation to it among both heteros*xual and homos*xual men. In a patriarchal society, it is difficult for men to even talk about r**e, let alone report it. A significant portion of victims of r**e, molestation and other s*xual violence are men. R**e in India has been defined as a crime solely committed against women. Section 375 of IPC defines r**e as a criminal offence associated with women only. Indian law does not consider a man as ‘victim’ and a woman as ‘offender’. Cases of male r**e are charged under so**my in India.
The Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2018, imposes the death penalty for r**e of girls below 12 years. The minimum punishment in case of r**e of women has been increased from 7 to 10 years. Also, for perpetrators whose victims are girls under the age of 16, the punishment has been increased from 10 to 20 years, extendable to life imprisonment. However, legislation makes no mention of males whatsoever.
Also Read: Kashmir Is India’s Internal Issue, Pak Instigating Terrorism In J&K: Rahul Gandhi.

Government data reveals that over 50% of child s*xual abuse victims are boys And most males are abused between the ages of 5 and 15. Around 60% of the victims are molested or r**ed more than once.
A survey conducted on adult men in India, shows that one out of every 5 males is r**ed or molested at least once in their lives. In several cases, the offenders are women. Most of these men are aware of male molestation and r**e but are not sure as to what constitutes as molestation of their s*x.

So what is Male Molestation exactly?
According to 1in6.org, an organisation that acts as a helpline for male survivors, “Many things qualify as ‘unwanted s*xual experiences’, even if at first a boy or man was grateful for the attention. It could include an experience that a man may not be ready to label as ‘s*xual abuse’ or ‘s*xual assault’, or even understand how it might have been.”

There are a lot of myths around male r**e and molestation which is why men don’t report the abuse. The common myths are that s*xual abuse doesn’t affect men and questions the masculinity of the person. Also, that women cannot practically r**e men is among the top myths associated with male r**e. Which is why males often spend years before they even acknowledge a violation has taken place. GoNews surveyed a sample size of men which highlighted the problem of admission:

Research has found male survivors suffer from the effects of assault similar to that of female survivors. R**e trauma syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder are common psychological manifestations of s*xual assault. With societal constructs of men’s emotional strength and stoicism, there are additional concerns for men who have been s*xually assaulted. Thus, it is important to address the issues faced by both male and female survivors.

Rohit, survivor of male r**e, told GoNews india (a leading online news portal): “I was in class 8 when the first incident took place. He was our hostel rector. He spanked me playfully after lunch and smiled. I ignored it but each day he used to make even stronger advances and before I knew it, I was r**ed in his cabin.”

On asking if he filed a complaint against the rector, he said, “It wasn’t easy. What I’m talking about happened 12 years ago. It was a different time. I told the principal but instead I was slapped and was suspended for a week. For the longest time of my life, I thought that it was somehow my fault for being r**ed.”

He went on to say that “We live in a country where being r**ed is seen as a question mark on the victim’s masculinity, but not as a crime. I know now that I’m not alone, but as a child, it was difficult for me, to pick myself up from that situation. I don’t want any other guy to go through the pain. At least not alone.”
Most of the times, the abuser is from the victim’s immediate family or circle, an indication of which is given in the GoNews survey below:

Among many reasons for not being aware, discomfort and embarrassment is foremost. Male r**es and molestations have always been a taboo, not only in India but all over the world. It is s*xist, stereotypical and outdated to still believe that men cannot be forced upon or taken up against their will. Living in a male dominated society where men have always been considered the stronger s*x, male r**e and molestation lives mostly in the shadows.

At least 1 in 6 men have experienced s*xual abuse or assault, according to leading research. Read about the statistic, find helpful information, chat with a trained advocate through the 24/7 national helpline, join a weekly online support group, view male survivors' stories, etc. You're not alone.

26/07/2020

The laws on r**e and s*xual crimes..

How have they changed over the years? When was the death penalty clause included?

The story so far: After the r**e and murder of a veterinarian in Hyderabad on November 28 and the burning of a r**e survivor in Unnao, Uttar Pradesh, on December 5, there has been an outcry for justice for the victims. Within and outside Parliament there has been a clamour to make the criminal justice system tougher on an offender committing s*xual crimes against women and children.

What has been the system in place?
‘R**e’ as a clearly defined offence was first introduced in the Indian Penal Code in 1860. Prior to this, there were often diverse and conflicting laws prevailing across India. The codification of Indian laws began with the enactment of the Charter Act, 1833 by the British Parliament which led to the establishment of the first Law Commission under the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay.

The Law Commissioners decided to put the criminal law of the land in two separate codes. The first to be placed on the statute book was the Indian Penal Code formulating the substantive law of crimes. This was enacted in October 1860 but brought into force 15 months later on January 1, 1862.

Watch | How Indian Laws on Sexual Crimes Have Evolved?

The first Code of Criminal Procedure was enacted in 1861, which consolidated the law relating to the set-up of criminal courts and the procedure to be followed in the investigation and trial of the offence.

What did the IPC say?
Section 375 of the IPC made punishable the act of s*x by a man with a woman if it was done against her will or without her consent. The definition of r**e also included s*x when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested, in fear of death or of hurt.

Also, s*x with or without her consent, when she is under 18 years is considered r**e. However, under the exception, s*xual in*******se or s*xual acts by a man with his wife, the wife not being under 15 years of age, is not r**e.

Section 376 provided for seven years of jail term to life imprisonment to whoever commits the offence of r**e.

What happened in 1972?
For over a century after 1860, the criminal law relating to r**e and s*xual assault cases remained unchanged until the watershed incident of the Mathura custodial r**e case. On March 26, 1972 a young Adivasi girl named Mathura was allegedly r**ed by policemen in the Desai Gunj Police Station in Maharashtra. In the trial that ensued, the sessions court came to the conclusion that she had s*xual in*******se while at the police station but r**e had not been proved and that she was habituated to in*******se.

While the sessions court acquitted both the policemen, the High Court reversed the order of acquittal. When the case reached the Supreme Court, it overturned the High Court verdict saying that “the in*******se in question is not proved to amount r**e”.

The top court, in its September 15, 1978 verdict, said no marks of injury were found on the girl after the incident and “their absence goes a long way to indicate that the alleged in*******se was a peaceful affair”.

Why was the Criminal Law Act amended?
The controversial verdict sparked widescale protests across the country seeking a change in existing r**e laws. This culminated into the Criminal Law (Second Amendment) Act of 1983. A new Section 114A in the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 was inserted which presumed that there is absence of consent in certain prosecutions of r**e if the victim says so. This applied to custodial r**e cases.

In the IPC, Section 228A was added which makes it punishable to disclose the identity of the victim of certain offences including r**e.

Are the laws gender neutral?
Following the direction of the Supreme Court in a public interest litigation (PIL) initiated by a non-governmental organisation to widen the definition of s*xual in*******se in Section 375 of the IPC, the Law Commission in its 172th report recommended widening the scope of r**e law to make it gender neutral.

While the r**e law in India even today remains gender specific, as the perpetrator of the offence can only be a ‘man’, the 172nd report led to the amendments in the Indian Evidence Act in 2002.

A new provision was inserted which barred putting questions in the cross-examination of the victim as to her general ‘immoral character’ in r**e or attempt to r**e cases.

Are r**e laws stricter now?
The nationwide public outcry, in 2012, following the December 16 gang r**e and murder in Delhi, led to the passing of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act in 2013 which widened the definition of r**e and made punishment more stringent.

Parliament made the amendments on the recommendation of the Justice J.S. Verma Committee, which was constituted to re-look the criminal laws in the country and recommend changes.

The 2013 Act, which came into effect on April 2, 2013, increased jail terms in most s*xual assault cases and also provided for the death penalty in r**e cases that cause death of the victim or leaves her in a vegetative state.

It also created new offences, such as use of criminal force on a woman with intent to disrobe, voyeurism and stalking.

The punishment for gang r**e was increased to 20 years to life imprisonment from the earlier 10 years to life imprisonment.

Earlier, there was no specific provision in law for offences such as use of unwelcome physical contact, words or gestures, demand or request for s*xual favours, showing po*******hy against the will of a woman or making s*xual remarks. But, the 2013 Act clearly defined these offences and allocated punishment. Similarly, stalking was made punishable with up to three years in jail. The offence of acid attack was increased to 10 years of imprisonment.

What about offences against minors?
In January 2018, an eight-year-old girl in Rasana village near Kathua in Jammu and Kashmir was abducted, r**ed and murdered by a group of men. The news of the shocking act led to nationwide protests and calls for harsher punishment.

This led to the passing of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018 which for the first time put death penalty as a possible punishment for r**e of a girl under 12 years; the minimum punishment is 20 years in jail.

Another new section was also inserted in the IPC to specifically deal with r**e on a girl below 16 years. The provision made the offence punishable with minimum imprisonment of 20 years which may extend to imprisonment for life.

The minimum jail term for r**e, which has remained unchanged since the introduction of the IPC in 1860, was increased from seven to 10 years.

Courtesy: The Hindu
8 DECEMBER 2019 00:02 IST
UPDATED: 17 DECEMBER 2019

18/07/2020

Audio clips might not be admissible as evidence in court

BENGALURU: If leading legal experts are to be believed, the special investigation team (SIT) which the government intends to set up to probe audio clips released by chief minister HD Kumaraswamy, which involve leaders of the BJP including state president BS Yeddyurappa trying to poach JD(S) leader Sharanagouda, cannot be used in a court of law.

“The absence of legal provisions regarding voice samples could negate the advantage of audio clips as they may not be admissible as evidence in court,” said M T Nanaiah, senior counsel and a leading criminal lawyer. “There is no provision in law under which a person could be asked to give voice samples to link a person to a case.”

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Quoting Section 8 of the Indian Evidence Act, Nanaiah said: “Mere audio/video evidence is insufficient to prove guilt. It needs supporting documents or other proof. The SIT will face a challenge collecting supporting evidence without relying only on the audio clips.”
Another leading criminal lawyer from Mysuru, who did not want to be named, quoted a 2017 Gujarat high court verdict that held that though voice spectrography tests are not a violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution, it is not permissible to subject an accused to it since there is no specific provision empowering a police officer or the court in law to do so. “This is also true of tests like brain mapping, lie detector tests, narco analysis tests etc,” he added.
The lacuna in the law forced Sharanagouda, son of JD(S) MLA Naganagouda Kandkur, to file an FIR against the parties to the conversation —Yeddyurappa, BJP MLAs Preetham Gowda (Hassan) and Shivanagouda Naik (Devadurga) and Yeddyurappa's adviser and former journalist MB Maramkal — under the Prevention of Corruption Act. The FIR was lodged by Raichur district police.
In the FIR, Sharangouda alleges that the BJP leaders threatened that they would “end” his political life of his father, if he did not get his father to resign and that he (Sharanagouda) contest a bypoll on a BJP ticket. Sharangouda submitted the 80-minute audio clip to the police on the basis of which the FIR was lodged. BJP lawyers however dismissed the case as weak.
“Our main aim will be ensure the SIT does not take off,” said one lawyer. “We will take up the issue once the government issues a notification as the case itself doesn't warrant an SIT.”
But another renowned lawyer from Bengaluru, who also did not want to be named, pointed to a decision of the Rajasthan high court to defend an SIT. “The police cannot be restrained from taking voice samples of an accused to establish his/her involvement in a crime for the reason that there is no provision under law which permits anyone to take voice samples of the accused during the course of investigation,” the lawyer said.
However, all of them agreed that it was impossible for the SIT or any investigating agency to complete a probe within 15 days, pointing out that it took more than two years for SITs to probe illegal mining and the murder of journalist Gauri Lankesh.
Source:Legal experts
TNN | Feb 18, 2019, 08:56 IST

18/07/2020

Government issues standard operating procedures for phone-tapping in India

Government has come out with a fresh set of do's and don'ts for telecom companies for lawful interception bringing internet telephony VoIP, SMS and MMS under Indian Telegraph Act.

Government has come out with a fresh set of do's and don'ts for telecom companies for lawful interception bringing internet telephony VoIP, SMS and MMS under Indian Telegraph Act.

Requests with overwriting and cutting and the ones received through telephone or fax should not be accepted under any circumstances, according to the circular on mandatory clauses of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for lawful interception and monitoring issued by Department of Telecommunications on January 2.

A senior company officer, who is an Indian citizen and residing in India, should be appointed National Nodal Officer responsible for overall in-charge, coordination and communication and process monitoring across the country.

"The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) is to lay minimum required guidelines for lawful interception and monitoring process across all telecom service providers (TSPs) to ensure systematic and tamper-proof monitoring of target numbers and have uniformity on critical issues of interception and monitoring which should be followed scrupulously," the guidelines said.

The requests for interception and monitoring of voice, Short message Service (SMS), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Value Added Service (VAS) including Multi Message Service (MMS), data and voice in 3G/4G/Long Term Evolution (LTE) including video call or Voice Over Internet protocol (VoIP) call can be made under Indian Telegraph Act.

Besides, requests for interception, monitoring and decryption of information generated, transmitted, received or stored in any computer resource or any other device, handheld or otherwise, which can transact data or store data on such device can be made under Information Technology Act.

"The Home Secretary of a state has been empowered (to sanction lawful interception). This has to be with a written order," Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde told reporters here.

The interception request is approved by Home Secretary for government of India and the Secretary of state Home department in case it pertains to state governments' jurisdiction.

In unavoidable circumstances, an officer of the level of Joint Secretary and above, duly authorised by the Union or the state Home Secretaries can also make such orders for interception.

Source: PTI |
Updated: Jan 10, 2014, 05:49 PM IST
DNA