06/10/2026
āĻāĻŖāĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻĄāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻ
āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻ -ā§Ļā§§:
ā§§) Doctrine of Basic Structure:
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§āĻ
⧍) Supremacy of constitution
Article 7
ā§Š) Due Process of Law;
Article 31
ā§Ē) Preventive Detention:
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§Šā§Š (ā§Š, ā§Ē, ā§Ģ, ā§Ŧ)
ā§Ģ) Punitive Detention:
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§Šā§Š (ā§§, ⧍)
ā§Ŧ)Doctrine Of Judicial Review:
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§(⧍), ⧍ā§Ŧ, ā§§ā§Ļ⧍(⧍)
ā§) Ex post facto laws:
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§Šā§Ģ(ā§§)
ā§Ž) Positive Discrimination / Reasonable Classification
ā§¨ā§Ž(ā§Ē) + ⧍⧝(ā§Š)
⧝) Rules of Business:
āϰāĻžāώā§āĻā§āϰāĻĒāϤāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻŽāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖāĻžāϞ⧠āĻ āĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻŖā§āĻāύ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖā§āύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύāĨ¤
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§Ģā§Ģ(ā§Ŧ)
ā§§ā§Ļ) Self incrimination: (Nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare)
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§Šā§Ģ(ā§Ē)
ā§§ā§§) Technocrat Minister:
āϏāĻāϏāĻĻ āϏāĻĻāϏā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāύāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻāϏāĻĻ āϏāĻĻāϏā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ āĻšāϤ⧠āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻŽā§āĻ āĻŽāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ ā§§ā§Ļ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ ā§§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŽāύā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āύāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύāĨ¤
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§Ģā§Ŧ(⧍)
⧧⧍) Delegated Legislation:
āϏāĻāϏāĻĻ āĻāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϝ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻā§ āĻāĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖā§āύ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĒāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§Ŧā§Ģ(ā§§)
ā§§ā§Š) Proportional Representation:
āϏāĻāϏāĻĻā§ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ ā§Ģā§Ļ āĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāϞāĻž āĻāϏāύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻĻāϏā§āϝāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āύāĨ¤
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§Ŧā§Ģ(ā§Š)
ā§§ā§Ē) Double Jeopardy:
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§Šā§Ģ(⧍)
Nemo debet bis puniri pro uno delicti=35(2)
ā§§ā§Ģ. Floor Crossing/Political Defection:
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§ā§Ļ
ā§§ā§Ŧ. Quorum/Casting Vote:
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§ā§Ģ
ā§§ā§. Budget(Annual Financial Statement)
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§Žā§
ā§§ā§Ž) Writ:
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ ā§§ā§Ļ⧍(⧍)
⧧⧝. Doctrine of Ultra Vires:
āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ 102
⧍ā§Ļ. āϏāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž :
94(4)= āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž
116A=āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāϰāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž
118(4)= āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž