Virtual In-house Lawyer & Company Secretary 虛擬公司律師及秘書

05/06/2025

10/04/2025

New Amendments to NSW Rental Laws 新修訂的澳洲新南威爾士州租賃法規

Understanding the New Amendments to NSW Rental Laws: What Landlords and Tenants Need to Know

The New South Wales (NSW) Government has introduced important amendments to rental laws aimed at improving the rental market's fairness and transparency. These changes come with a promise to enhance protections for tenants while ensuring landlords have clear guidelines to follow. Whether you're a landlord or a tenant, these updates are crucial to understanding your rights and obligations under the law.

Key Changes to NSW Rental Laws

Limitation on Rent Increases Starting 31 October 2024, rent increases will be limited to once per year for all types of rental agreements. This change provides tenants with more financial predictability and stability by limiting unexpected rent hikes. Landlords must ensure that rent increases adhere to this annual cap, giving tenants time to adjust and plan their finances accordingly.

1. Prohibition of Upfront Fees As of 31 October 2024, landlords and real estate agents will no longer be allowed to charge certain upfront fees. These include fees for background checks, administration costs, and the preparation of tenancy agreements. The only permissible upfront payments will be rent, a holding fee, and a rental bond. This change aims to reduce the financial burden on tenants at the beginning of their tenancy.

2. End of ‘No Grounds’ Evictions A significant reform introduced by the amendments is the abolition of ‘no grounds’ evictions. Beginning 19 May 2025, landlords will be required to provide specific reasons for ending a tenancy, backed by evidence. This reform ensures greater housing stability for tenants, preventing them from being evicted without cause. Landlords must now follow a more transparent and justified process to end a tenancy.

3. Pet Ownership in Rental Properties Renters will find it easier to keep pets under the new laws. From 19 May 2025, landlords cannot unreasonably refuse tenants' requests to keep pets. If a landlord does not respond to a pet request within 21 days, the request is automatically deemed approved. This change addresses the growing demand for more pet-friendly rental options in NSW.

4. Rent Payment Flexibility The amendments also introduce new rules regarding rent payment methods. Landlords are now required to offer at least one free and convenient method for tenants to pay rent, such as CentrePay or approved electronic bank transfers. Importantly, landlords cannot charge fees for these payment methods, providing tenants with more accessible and affordable options for paying rent.

What This Means for Landlords and Tenants

For landlords, these changes mean you’ll need to adjust your practices, particularly regarding rent increases, upfront fees, and the grounds for evictions. Ensuring that you comply with these new requirements will not only help avoid legal disputes but also foster better relationships with your tenants.

For tenants, these changes offer greater security and fairness. With limitations on rent increases, the end of ‘no grounds’ evictions, and easier pet ownership in rental properties, tenants can enjoy more stability in their housing. These amendments also give renters greater control over how and when they make payments, eliminating additional costs associated with payment methods.

Timeline for Implementation

31 October 2024: Rent increases limited to once per year, and prohibitions on certain upfront fees come into effect.
19 May 2025: Reforms regarding tenancy termination, pet ownership, and rent payment flexibility will be implemented.

Conclusion

The NSW Government's recent amendments to rental laws represent a significant step toward a more balanced and transparent rental market. These changes will have a lasting impact on both landlords and tenants, promoting fairness, security, and flexibility for all parties involved. If you’re a landlord or tenant in NSW, it’s essential to familiarize yourself with these new regulations to ensure compliance and make the most of these legal reforms.

If you have any questions, please contact us at

· [email protected]

· WeChat: sycamorelegal

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了解新修訂的澳洲新南威爾士州租賃法規：房東和租客需要知道的事項

新南威爾士州（NSW）政府已經引入了重要的租賃法律修訂，旨在改善租賃市場的公平性和透明度。這些變更旨在加強對租客的保護，同時為房東提供明確的指導方針。無論您是房東還是租客，這些更新對於理解您在法律下的權利和義務至關重要。

新南威爾士州租賃法律的主要變更

1. 租金漲幅限制 從2024年10月31日起，所有類型的租賃協議中的租金漲幅將限制為每年一次。這一變更為租客提供了更多的財務預測性和穩定性，避免了意外的租金上漲。房東必須確保租金漲幅符合每年一次的限制，讓租客有足夠的時間進行財務調整和規劃。

2. 禁止收取預付費用 從2024年10月31日起，房東和房地產代理將不再允許收取某些預付費用，包括背景檢查費、管理費和租賃協議的準備費用。唯一允許的預付費用將是租金、持有費和租金保證金。這一變更旨在減輕租客在租賃初期的財務負擔。

3. 結束“無理由” 終止租約 修訂中的一項重大改革是取消“無理由” 終止租約。從2025年5月19日起，房東必須提供具體理由並附上證據，才能終止租賃契約。這項改革確保了租客的住房穩定，防止了無理由的終止租約。房東現在必須遵循更加透明和有根據的過程來結束租賃。

4. 租賃物業中的寵物擁有權 在新的法律下，租客將更容易在租賃物業中養寵物。從2025年5月19日起，房東不能無理拒絕租客飼養寵物的請求。如果房東在21天內未對寵物請求做出回應，則該請求將自動被視為批准。這一變更應對了新南威爾士州日益增長的寵物友好型租賃需求。

5. 租金支付靈活性 這些修訂還引入了關於租金支付方式的新規定。房東現在必須提供至少一種免費且方便的租金支付方式，例如CentrePay或經批准的電子銀行轉帳。值得注意的是，房東不能對這些支付方式收取費用，為租客提供了更多便捷且負擔得起的支付選擇。

這些變更對房東和租客意味著什麼

對於房東而言，這些變更意味著您需要調整您的做法，尤其是在租金漲幅、預付費用和終止租約理由方面。確保遵守這些新規定不僅有助於避免法律爭議，還能促進與租客的良好關係。

對於租客而言，這些變更提供了更多的安全性和公平性。隨著租金漲幅的限制、結束“無理由” 終止租約以及租賃物業中更容易養寵物，租客將能夠享有更穩定的居住環境。此外，這些修訂還賦予租客更大的控制權，讓他們在支付租金的方式和時間上擁有更多選擇，減少了與支付方式相關的額外費用。

實施時間表

1. 2024年10月31日：租金漲幅將限制為每年一次，並禁止收取某些預付費用。
2. 2025年5月19日：與租賃終止、寵物擁有權和租金支付靈活性有關的改革將生效。

結論

新南威爾士州政府最近對租賃法律的修訂是邁向更加平衡和透明租賃市場的重要一步。這些變更將對房東和租客產生深遠影響，促進公平、安全和靈活性。無論您是新南威爾士州的房東還是租客，熟悉這些新規定至關重要，以確保合規並充分利用這些法律改革。

如有任何疑問，請聯絡我們

• [email protected]

• 微信：sycamorelegal

03/04/2025

Brief Introduction to Privacy Law in Australia

Understanding Privacy Laws in Australia: What You Need to Know

In today’s digital world, privacy is a major concern for individuals and businesses alike. With personal data being collected and stored more than ever before, Australia has developed a strong legal framework to protect privacy rights. If you’re wondering what privacy laws exist in Australia and how they affect you, this article breaks it down in simple terms.

What Are Privacy Laws in Australia?

Privacy laws in Australia regulate how personal information is collected, used, and shared. The primary legislation governing privacy is the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), which sets out rules for businesses, government agencies, and organizations that handle personal data.

Who Do These Laws Apply To?

Privacy laws generally apply to:

Federal government agencies
Private businesses with an annual turnover of more than $3 million
Some small businesses, particularly those handling sensitive information
Health service providers

What Is Considered Personal Information?

Personal information is any data that identifies or can identify an individual. This includes:

Names, addresses, and contact details
Financial details like bank account information
Health records and medical history
Online data such as IP addresses and cookies



Key Principles of Australian Privacy Laws

The Privacy Act 1988 includes the Australian Privacy Principles (APPs), which set guidelines for handling personal information. The key principles include:

Transparency – Organizations must be open about how they collect and use data.
Anonymity & Pseudonymity – Individuals should have options to interact anonymously where possible.
Data Collection Limits – Organizations should only collect necessary information.
Use & Disclosure Restrictions – Personal data should only be used for the purpose it was collected.
Data Security – Organizations must take steps to protect personal data from misuse or unauthorized access.
Access & Correction Rights – Individuals have the right to access their data and request corrections.

What Rights Do Individuals Have?

If an organization mishandles your personal information, you have rights under the Privacy Act, including:

The right to access your data
The right to correct incorrect information
The right to lodge a complaint with the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC)

How Are Privacy Laws Enforced?

The OAIC oversees privacy laws in Australia and can investigate complaints about privacy breaches. Penalties for serious breaches can be significant, including large fines for businesses that fail to comply.

Recent Changes and Updates

With growing concerns over data breaches and cybersecurity threats, Australia has strengthened its privacy laws. In recent years, the Notifiable Data Breaches (NDB) scheme was introduced, requiring organizations to inform affected individuals and the OAIC if a data breach occurs that is likely to result in serious harm.

How Can Individuals Protect Their Privacy?

Be cautious when sharing personal information online
Check privacy policies before giving data to businesses
Use strong passwords and enable two-factor authentication
Regularly review your online accounts for suspicious activity





Final Thoughts

Understanding privacy laws helps individuals and businesses take control of their personal data. As technology evolves, so do privacy regulations, making it essential to stay informed. If you believe your privacy rights have been violated, you can take action through the OAIC or seek legal advice.

Stay informed, stay safe, and take control of your privacy!

澳洲隱私權法簡介

了解澳洲的隱私法：您需要知道的內容

在當今數位時代，隱私已成為個人與企業關注的重大議題。隨著個人數據的收集與存儲比以往更加頻繁，澳洲已建立完善的法律框架來保護隱私權。如果您想了解澳洲的隱私法及其對您的影響，本篇文章將以簡單易懂的方式為您解析。

什麼是澳洲的隱私法？

澳洲的隱私法規範了個人資訊的收集、使用與共享。主要的法律是《1988年隱私法》（Privacy Act 1988, Cth），該法對處理個人數據的企業、政府機構與組織制定了相關規範。

這些法律適用於誰？

隱私法通常適用於：

聯邦政府機構
年營業額超過 300 萬澳元的私人企業
某些處理敏感資訊的小型企業
醫療服務提供者

什麼是個人資訊？

個人資訊是指能夠識別或可能識別個人的數據，包括：

姓名、地址與聯絡方式
銀行帳戶等財務資訊
健康紀錄與病史
網路數據，如 IP 位址與 Cookie

澳洲隱私法的核心原則

《1988年隱私法》包含澳洲隱私原則（Australian Privacy Principles, APPs），這些原則規範了個人資訊的處理方式，主要內容包括：

透明度 – 組織必須公開說明如何收集與使用數據。
匿名性與假名處理 – 個人在可能的情況下應有匿名互動的選擇。
數據收集限制 – 組織只能收集必要的資訊。
使用與披露限制 – 個人數據只能用於收集時的特定目的。
數據安全 – 組織必須採取措施防止數據被濫用或未經授權存取。
存取與更正權利 – 個人有權存取自己的數據並請求更正錯誤資訊。

個人擁有哪些權利？

如果企業或機構不當處理您的個人資訊，您在《隱私法》下擁有以下權利：

存取您的個人數據
更正錯誤的資訊
向澳洲資訊專員辦公室（OAIC）提出投訴

隱私法如何執行？

澳洲資訊專員辦公室（Office of the Australian Information Commissioner, OAIC）負責監督澳洲的隱私法，並調查隱私違規行為。對於嚴重的違規行為，企業可能面臨高額罰款等嚴厲懲處。

最新的變更與更新

隨著數據洩露與網絡安全威脅的增加，澳洲已加強隱私法。近年來，資料洩露通報制度（Notifiable Data Breaches, NDB）被引入，要求組織在發生可能導致嚴重傷害的數據洩露事件時，須通知受影響的個人及 OAIC。

個人如何保護自己的隱私？

在網路上分享個人資訊時保持謹慎
在提供數據前，先檢查企業的隱私政策
使用強密碼並啟用雙重驗證
定期檢查線上帳戶是否有可疑活動



結論

了解隱私法有助於個人與企業掌控自己的數據。隨著科技發展，隱私法規也在不斷演變，因此保持資訊更新至關重要。如果您認為您的隱私權受到侵犯，可以向 OAIC 投訴或尋求法律建議。

04/03/2025

A Brief Introduction to Franchise Law in Australia 澳洲特許經營法簡介

Franchising has become an increasingly popular way for businesses to expand and for individuals to start their own businesses with the support of an established brand. However, the legal landscape surrounding franchising in Australia can be complex. Whether you’re looking to buy a franchise or start your own franchise system, understanding the basics of franchise law is crucial.

What is a Franchise?

A franchise is a business arrangement where the franchisor (the owner of a business or brand) grants the franchisee (the person or company buying into the business) the right to operate under their established name, using their business model and support systems. In return, the franchisee typically pays fees and agrees to operate under set rules and guidelines.

Franchising offers many advantages, including brand recognition, established business systems, and ongoing support. However, it also comes with legal responsibilities that both parties must understand.

The Legal Framework for Franchising in Australia

In Australia, franchising is governed primarily by the Franchising Code of Conduct (the Code), which is a mandatory industry code under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). The Code sets out the rights and obligations of both franchisors and franchisees, aiming to create a fair and transparent business relationship.

Key Legal Requirements for Franchising

Disclosure Obligations

Before entering a franchise agreement, franchisors must provide potential franchisees with a Disclosure Document at least 14 days before signing the contract or making any payment. This document must include:

- Financial details of the business
- Information about existing and past franchisees
- Any legal disputes involving the franchisor
- Fees and costs involved in running the franchise


Franchise Agreement

The franchise agreement is a legally binding contract that outlines the rights and responsibilities of both the franchisor and the franchisee. It typically includes:

- The duration of the franchise term
- Fees and payments required
- Rules for operating the business
- Renewal and termination conditions
- Dispute resolution processes



2. Cooling-Off Period

Franchisees have a 14-day cooling-off period after signing the franchise agreement. This means they can cancel the agreement within this time and receive a refund of most payments made, except for some reasonable expenses incurred by the franchisor.



3. Good Faith Obligations

Both franchisors and franchisees must act in good faith, meaning they should deal with each other honestly and fairly. This obligation applies to negotiations, contract terms, and ongoing business relationships.



4. Marketing Fund Transparency

If franchisees contribute to a marketing fund, the franchisor must provide an annual financial statement showing how these funds have been used.



5. Dispute Resolution

If disputes arise, the Code requires franchisors and franchisees to attempt mediation before resorting to legal action. Mediation is a less costly and faster way to resolve issues than going to court.



Common Legal Issues in Franchising

While franchising can be a great opportunity, it’s not without risks. Some common legal issues include:

1. Misleading Representations: If a franchisor makes false claims about the business’s profitability or success, it can lead to legal disputes.

2. Unfair Contract Terms: Some franchise agreements may include terms that heavily favor the franchisor, making it difficult for the franchisee to operate or exit the business.

3. Termination and Non-Renewal: Franchise agreements usually have strict termination conditions. Exiting a franchise early can be challenging and costly.

4. Financial Struggles: Some franchisees underestimate the costs involved, leading to financial difficulties and disputes with the franchisor.

Tips for Potential Franchisees

If you’re considering buying a franchise, here are some essential tips:

1. Do Your Research – Investigate the franchisor, talk to current and former franchisees, and assess whether the business model suits your skills and interests.

2. Understand the Costs – Franchising involves various costs, including upfront fees, ongoing royalties, and marketing fund contributions.


3. Seek Legal Advice – Franchise agreements are legally binding and complex. A franchise lawyer can review the contract and identify any red flags before you commit.


4. Know Your Exit Strategy – Before signing, understand the conditions for selling or exiting the franchise.


5. Consider Your Rights and Obligations – Ensure you’re comfortable with the level of control the franchisor has over your business operations.

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澳洲特許經營法簡介

特許經營已成為企業擴展和個人創業的一種流行方式，讓投資者能夠在既有品牌的支持下開展業務。然而，澳洲的特許經營法律環境可能較為複雜。無論您是想購買特許經營權，還是建立自己的特許經營系統，了解特許經營法的基本知識至關重要。

什麼是特許經營？

特許經營是一種商業模式，特許人（品牌或企業的擁有者）授權特許經營商（購買特許經營權的人或公司）在其品牌下經營業務，並使用其業務模式和支援系統。作為交換，特許經營商通常需要支付費用並遵守一系列規則與指引。

特許經營的優勢包括品牌認知度、成熟的業務系統及持續的支援。然而，特許經營也伴隨著法律責任，雙方都必須充分了解相關義務。

澳洲特許經營的法律框架

在澳洲，特許經營主要受 Franchising Code of Conduct（簡稱“準則”）的監管，該準則屬於競爭及消費者法( Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth)) 下的一項強制性行業規範。準則規定了特許人和特許經營商的權利與義務，旨在建立公平透明的商業關係。

特許經營的主要法律要求
1. 信息披露義務

在簽訂特許經營協議之前，特許人必須至少提前 14天 提供潛在特許經營商 信息披露文件，該文件應包括：

o 企業的財務狀況

o 現有及過去的特許經營商信息

o 特許人的法律糾紛記錄

o 經營特許經營所需的費用和成本



2. 特許經營協議 特許經營協議 是具有法律約束力的合同，明確規範了特許人與特許經營商的權利與義務，通常包括：

o 特許經營期限

o 費用與支付要求

o 經營規則

o 續約與終止條件

o 爭議解決機制



3. 冷靜期 特許經營商在簽訂協議後享有 14天冷靜期，在此期間可取消協議並獲得大部分付款的退款（特許人可扣除合理的開支）。



4. 誠信經營義務 特許人和特許經營商必須以 誠信原則 行事，這意味著雙方應公平、誠實地進行合作，包括談判、合同條款及業務往來。



5. 市場營銷基金透明度 若特許經營商需向 市場營銷基金 交款，則特許人必須每年提供財務報告，詳細說明資金的使用情況。



6. 爭議解決機制 如發生爭議，準則要求特許人和特許經營商先進行 調解，再考慮法律訴訟。調解是一種比上法院更快速、成本更低的解決方式。

特許經營常見法律問題
儘管特許經營是一個不錯的商業機會，但也存在一些風險，常見法律問題包括：

· 虛假陳述：如果特許人對業務的盈利能力或成功率作出虛假承諾，可能會引發法律糾紛。



· 不公平合同條款：某些特許經營協議的條款可能嚴重偏向特許人，使特許經營商在經營或退出業務時陷入困境。



· 終止與不續約：特許經營協議通常有嚴格的終止條件，提前退出可能會產生高昂成本。



· 財務困難：部分特許經營商低估了經營成本，導致財務問題，進而與特許人發生爭端。

潛在特許經營商的建議
如果您正在考慮購買特許經營，以下建議值得參考：

1. 充分調查 —— 研究特許人的背景，與現有及前特許經營商交談，評估該業務模式是否適合您。



2. 了解所有費用 —— 特許經營涉及多種成本，包括前期費用、持續性權利金及市場營銷基金費用。



3. 尋求法律建議 —— 特許經營協議具有法律約束力且較為複雜，專業律師可幫助審查合同並發現潛在問題。



4. 規劃退出策略 —— 在簽約前，了解退出特許經營的條件和可能的影響。



5. 清楚自身權利與義務 —— 確保您能夠接受特許人對經營的管理與控制。

23/02/2024

Right to Disconnect

Australia used to be highly renowned for its comfortable, relaxed atmosphere, which made it a great place to live or work. It was not typical to work at the high tempo and strain levels seen in Shanghai and Hong Kong. However, this is no longer the case due to the ever-expanding economic linkages with the APAC area, especially with Mainland China and Hong Kong, over the past 20 years, and Australian workplaces are becoming more and more like those in the financial hubs of Shanghai and Hong Kong. At the very least, this is true of Australia's major financial and commercial centres, Sydney and Melbourne.

Fortunately, and with Australian support, the government of Australia appears committed to restoring the work-life balance for Australians, as seen by the recent legislation providing Australians with the "right to disconnect." The new legislation granting Aussies the so-called right to disconnect passed both houses of the Parliament, and is awaiting royal assent, which will see the bill become law six months thereafter.

In essence, the right to disconnect gives Australian workers the freedom to refuse to monitor, read or respond to contact from their employer after office hours, "unless the rejection is unreasonable." Therefore, the employee's behavior—rather than the employer's decision to initiate contact—is what sets off this situation. How will the employees know when a denial will be unreasonable?

When evaluating whether a refusal is unreasonable, a variety of considerations must be taken into account. These include, for example, the purpose and method of the contact, the degree of disturbance it causes, whether the worker is compensated for being on call, the nature of their employments and degree of responsibility, and lastly their personal situation.

After the new law is passed, you can always get in touch with us if you have any questions about your right to disconnect.

不理老闆的權利

澳洲曾經以其舒適、輕鬆的氛圍而聞名，這使其成為生活或工作的好地方。 和上海和香港不同，高節奏、高壓力的工作環境在澳洲並不常見。 然而，由於過去20年來與亞太地區，特別是與中國大陸和香港的經濟聯繫不斷擴大，情況已不再是這樣，澳洲的職場與上海和香港等金融中心的工作場所越來越相似。 至少，對於雪梨和墨爾本這兩個澳洲的商業中心而言, 這是沒錯的。

幸運的是，在澳洲人民的支持下，澳洲政府似乎致力於恢復澳洲人的工作與生活平衡，最近立法賦予澳洲人「不理老闆的權利」。 這個權利的新立法已在議會兩院獲得通過，目前正在等待皇室的同意，該法案將在獲得皇室同意後六個月內成為法律。

簡單而言，這個權利賦予澳洲僱員在辦公時間後拒絕查看、閱讀或回覆僱主聯繫的自由，「除非拒絕是不合理的」。 因此，法例的觸發點的是僱員的行為，而不是僱主要求聯繫的決定。 但僱員如何知道什麼時候拒絕是不合理的？

在評估拒絕是否不合理時，必須考慮多種因素。 其中包括：僱主接觸的目的和方法、造成的干擾程度、僱員是否因待命而得到補償、他們的就業性質和責任程度，以及他們的個人情況等等。

新法通過後，如果您對自己的權利有任何疑問，可以隨時與我們聯繫。

17/10/2023

Crypto is finally confirmed as Property in Hong Kong!

Cryptocurrency was finally and officially recognised as a kind of property in Hong Kong, in the recent landmark case of Re Gatecoin Ltd [2023] HKCFI 914.

Gatecoin operated a cryptocurrency exchange platform since 2015 through which it provided services to the customers. There were more than 45 types of cryptocurrencies trading carried on through the platform. In addition, Gatcoin also engaged in trading of cryptocurrencies in its own right including trading with its customers. Other than the Platform, Gatecoin did not operate its business in any other form. Gatecoin was wound up by the court in 2019, and liquidators were appointed.

A question before the court was whether cryptocurrency was a class of property in Hong Kong. In deciding this question, the court first of all looked at s.3 of the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance, which provided little clue. The court finally relied on a New Zealand case where it was ruled that cryptocurrency was a type of intangible property as it satisfied the four fundamental elements of being a property, i.e. (1) definable, (2) identifiable by third parties, (3) capable of assumption by third parties and (4) having some degree of permanence and stability. Applying these four criteria to Gatecoin, the Hong Kong court had no difficulty in concluding that cryptocurrency was a “property”.

The immediate consequence of this ruling is that cryptocurrencies being “property” under Hong Kong law are capable of being held for distribution to creditors, or their beneficiaries if they were trust assets, for the purposes of administering an insolvent estate.

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加密貨幣最終被確認為香港的財產!

在最近一宗具有里程碑意義的 Re Gatecoin Ltd [2023] HKCFI 914 香港案例中，加密貨幣最終被正式認可為一種財產。
Gatecoin 是自 2015 年起開始營運的一個加密貨幣交易平台，透過該平台向客戶提供服務。透過此平台進行的加密貨幣交易種類超過 45 種。 此外，Gatcoin 也自行從事加密貨幣交易，包括與客戶進行交易。 除平台外，Gatecoin 未以任何其他形式開展業務。Gatecoin於2019年被香港法院清盤，並任命了清盤人。

香港法庭需裁決的一個問題是，加密貨幣在香港是否屬於一種財產。 在決定這個問題時，香港法院首先參閱了《釋義及通則條例》第3條，但該條並沒有提供多少線索。 法院最終參考了紐西蘭的一個案例，該紐西蘭的案例裁定加密貨幣是一種無形財產，因為它滿足作為財產的四個基本要素，即（1）可定義，（2）可由第三方識別，（3）能夠由第三方承接；(4) 具有一定程度的持久性與穩定性。 將這四個標準應用於Gatecoin一案，香港法院很容易得出加密貨幣是「財產」的結論。

這項裁決的直接後果是，在管理破產財產時，屬於「財產」的加密貨幣可以被持有並分配給債權人或其受益人（如它們是信託資產）。