22/02/2023
Transmission of general damages to a deceased’s estate
General damages can be described as damages awarded to compensate a plaintiff for any harm suffered as a result of injuries sustained and which includes pain and suffering, disfigurement, emotional harm, permanent disabilities and loss of amenities of life.
In terms of the common law, a claim for general damages only transfers to a deceased estate if litis contestatio had been reached. Jankowiak v Parity Insurance Co Ltd. litis contestatio means when pleadings close.
Pleading are considered close in term of Rule 29 of the Uniform Rules of Court if, either party has joined issue without alleging any new matter, and without adding any further pleading, the last day allowed for filing a replication or subsequent pleading has elapsed and it has not been filed, the parties agree in writing that the pleadings are closed and such agreement is filed with the registrar, or the parties are unable to agree as to the close of pleadings, and the court upon the application of a party declares them closed.
However in recent matter, the court have attempted to develop common to allow for the transmission of general damages to the estate of the plaintiff. In Nkala and others v Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited developed the common law to allow for the transmissibility of claims for general damages to the deceased's estate even if pleadings have not reached the stage of litis contestatio. The argument is that while the need for the development for the common law is recognised, the minority opinion should be the preferred approach. The majority held that the common law should be developed to allow all claims for general damages to be transmissible to the deceased's estate even if the stage of litis contestatio has not been reached. The minority, per Windell J, agreed with the majority that the common law should be developed, but was of the opinion that the development should happen incrementally and be limited to the class action before it.
In the subsequent matter of Ngubane v Road Accident Fund [2022] ZAGPJHC 275, the court held that the development of the common law as per the majority in Nkala has not found universal acceptance in our law and divergent approaches remain. The measured and cautionary approach as per the minority in Nkala was preferable above the majority’s blanket approach. No proper binding development of the common law in relation to general transmissibility of general damages claims have taken place and the existing Supreme Court of Appeal authorities on transmissibility of general damages claims remain binding.
The legal position of the common law of transmission of a general damages claims to the estate of the deceased occurs only upon litis contestatio prevails. It is therefore paramount that pleadings get closed in terms of Rule 29 of Uniform Rules of Court to curtail the issue of non-transmission.