25/06/2026
Did you know that, legally speaking, there is only one ultimate owner of land in Nigeria - and the rest of us are simply holders of rights over it?
Sounds surprising, but that's essentially how the Land Use Act of 1978 works.
The truth is, many people buy land, build houses, and even invest millions without ever reading the law that governs land ownership in Nigeria.
Here are 5 important things every land buyer should know:
1. You don't technically own land outright
Under the Land Use Act, all land in a state is vested in the Governor, who holds it in trust for the people. What individuals receive is a Right of Occupancy, not absolute ownership.
That's why your Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) is issued by the Governor's office.
2. A C of O is usually for 99 years
A Certificate of Occupancy typically grants a 99-year leasehold interest. When it expires, it can be renewed.
In practical terms, it feels like ownership, but legally it is a long-term right to use and occupy the land.
3. You need government consent to transfer titled land
If you're selling, gifting, assigning, or using land with a C of O as collateral for a loan, the Governor's Consent is generally required.
Skipping this step can create legal complications and may affect the validity of the transaction.
4. Family and customary land rights exist, but they have limitations
Customary ownership is recognised under Nigerian law. However, without proper documentation, excision, or title, such land can carry significant risks.
This is one reason due diligence is so important before buying land.
5. Land is meant to be put to use
The law gives government powers to revoke certain rights where land is not being used for its intended purpose, particularly in some agricultural situations.
While this is not commonly enforced in everyday cases, it remains part of the legal framework.
The lesson?
Before buying any land, don't focus only on the location and price. Understand the legal structure behind the property as well.
Knowledge is one of the best forms of due diligence.
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